tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80492937946298063842024-03-13T04:10:28.363-07:00Buy college application essayVoulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.comBlogger255125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-74159943471494006512020-08-27T20:31:00.001-07:002020-08-27T20:31:06.237-07:00àIn how far do the views of love presented in the play reflect 19 the attitude towards love the Elizabethan audience had Essay Example For Studentsà In how far do the perspectives on affection introduced in the play reflect 19 the mentality towards adoration the Elizabethan crowd had? Exposition William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet has the prominent as the adoration disaster everyone knows1. In spite of the fact that it is viewed as the perfect of sentimental love there are numerous other (very unromantic) sees spoke to in the play, as well. In this research paper I will attempt to give a review of the various perspectives on adoration in Romeo and Juliet. Above all else there are Romeo and Juliet, the star-crossd darlings (Prologue) who set up a nature of adoration, of life seriously lived, that turns into its own worth 2. Aside from these two principle characters and their perspective on adoration there are as a rule five different mentalities towards affection: to the hirelings of the place of Capulet, the Nurse and Mercutio love amounts to nothing else than sex, to Romeos companion Benvolio the most significant thing about adoration isn't just sex however that adoration fulfills you, Juliets guardians Capulet and Lady Capulet along with the Prince and Paris share an Elizabethan perspective on adoration and marriage, Romeos guardians Montague and Lady Montague as opposed to Juliets guardians have a relationship loaded with adoration, and to wrap things up there is Friar Laurence who is worried about the possibility that that Romeos and Juliets enthusiasm will prompt a dramatic finish yet by and by shows a major compassion toward the youthful darlings and needs to make their adoration blessed by marriage. In the accompanying piece of this research paper I will have an increasingly point by point look on these in a matter of seconds portrayed perspectives on adoration, managing them in the request just named above and laying extraordinary weight on Romeo and Juliet and the manner in which they manage their emotions. At last Id like to investigate the inquiry in how far the perspectives on affection introduced in the play mirror the demeanor towards adoration the Elizabethan crowd had. 2. Primary part: Views of adoration in Romeo and Juliet 2.1. Romeos and Juliets perspective on adoration: Love as the purpose behind living The star-crossd sweethearts Romeo and Juliet both begin to look all starry eyed at from the start sight and are resolved to wed soon after their first experience. Their adoration is the most valuable thing Romeo and Juliet have in their lives so both are prepared to pass on for one another and decided to bite the dust at long last on the grounds that each realizes that the individual can't live without the other, and knows this as a basic, exacting truth to be followed up on at the first opportunity3. Romeo just as Juliet sees his expulsion as death. In spite of the fact that the darlings are planning to see each other again they are eager to bite the dust after Tybalts passing/their wedding night. After their detachment because of the expulsion both execute themselves so as to be together once more: Juliet drinks Friar Laurence resting mixture so as to pass on and be with Romeo again when she rises and shines, and Romeo drinks the toxin to be brought together with Juliet, whom he thinks dead, in death. When awakening in the landmark and discovering her adoration having ended it all, Juliet slaughters herself for the explanation of a get-together after death, as well. The darlings even beverage to one another when they drink their elixirs. Up to here Romeo and Juliet appear to have a similar perspective on affection however on having a more critical look there are a few contrasts in their manners to manage their sentiments. So Ill describe both isolated from one another in detail. 2.1.1. Romeo From the earliest starting point of the play, where Romeo is presented as being lovesick, till the finish of the move, where he takes the toxic substance and orders himself to kick the bucket rapidly (V, iii, 117-118), Romeo is a Petrarchan darling. First and foremost he entertains himself with persuasive pictures and makes the most of his job as the dismissed sweetheart. He feels sorry for himself and says that he feels substantial and troubled with his adoration for Rosaline (I, iv, 12; I, iv, 20-22). This is simply the Elizabethan sweetheart, communicating in wild direct opposites which are such a verbal identical for his occupied state adjusted between two limits ( plume of lead, cold fire , and so on.), and in vanities ( Love is a smoke the smoke of murmurs ) which serve to speak to the satisfying anguish of the darling, the misery of lonely love which is yet more joyful than not cherishing at all would be.4 Yet, when Romeo looks at Juliet he is so overpowered by her excellence that his troubled love for Rosaline is overlooked right then and there: O, she doth show the lights to consume splendid. It appears she hangs upon the cheek of night As a rich gem in an Ethiops ear Excellence excessively rich for use, for earth excessively dear. Did my heart love till now? Renounce it, sight! For I neer saw genuine excellence till this night. (I, v, 44-53) He becomes more acquainted with Juliet after the move and from the principal second their adoration is so right and genuine that their discussion easily frames a work. Romeo utilizes Petrarchan pictures in that first discussion (for example calling Juliet a holy person that he is contemptible to contact) and goes on with this when he watches and depicts Juliet in the plantation after the gathering. She is his sun (II, ii, 2 and 3), her eyes are considerably more brilliant than the stars (cf. II, ii, 15-22) and she is a splendid heavenly attendant. When conversing with her Romeo needs to swear the amount he adores her yet she doesnt need to hear his pledges. Despite the fact that in II, ii Romeos language isn't not the same as the Petrarchan language he used to portray Rosaline and the adoration he felt for her, Romeos love for Juliet is vastly different from the affection he bore for Rosaline. While adoring Rosaline, Romeo was infatuated with affection and incapable to act. In any case, presently he has discovered a reason for living in Juliet and in the way that his new love doth beauty for elegance and love for affection permit (II, iii, 82). Romeo is such a great amount of changed by this experience for a brief timeframe he can be the old Romeo, the Romeo his companions are missing, once more. He quips with Mercutio and wins their skirmish of brains which makes Mercutio shout out: Why, isn't this preferable now over moaning for affection? Presently workmanship thou agreeable, presently craftsmanship thou Romeo; presently craftsmanship thou what thou craftsmanship, by workmanship just as ordinarily. For this driveling love resembles an incredible characteristic that gets lolling all over to shroud his doodad in an opening. (II, iv, 88-92) Romeo gets progressively develop by his union with Juliet, as well. At the point when he returns from the wedding, he is so loaded with harmony and love that Tybalts affronts can't hurt him. Also he calls Tybalt cousin and lets him know love thee better than thou canst devise Till thou shalt know the explanation of my adoration. (III, I, 68-69) In any case, when Tybalt cuts Mercutio, Romeo blames Juliet for having made him act so calmly: O, sweet Juliet, Thy excellence has made me feminine What's more, in my temper softend valours steel. (III, I, 115-117) In a wrath he delivers retribution for Mercutios demise and murders Tybalt. This activity tosses him back in the job the quarrel drives him to play and yet it frustrates him to be what he means to be a serene youngster making the most of his joy as a newly made husband. Romeo appears to understand this, shouting out that he is Fortunes fool. He travels to Friar Laurence cell and blasts out in tears. At the point when the minister illuminates him that the Princes fate isn't passing yet expulsion, Romeo groans about this expulsion since it implies that he needs to leave Juliet while each feline and canine What's more, little mouse, each disgraceful thing, Live here in paradise and may look on her, In any case, Romeo may not. (III, iii, 30-33) This unmistakably shows Romeo is himself just in his Juliet; she is his lone reality, his hearts genuine home and idol5 and this solid and enthusiastic love he feels for her makes him ready to confront demise toward the finish of the play. To Romeo love is the most significant thing throughout everyday life. He has the gift and the revile to feel things deeply6 so being expelled from his Juliet subsequent to having murdered Tybalt truly is limbo, torment, hellfire itself (III, iii, 18) to him. He doesnt need to live like this, so he denies to conceal himself hearing somebody (the Nurse) thumping at the entryway. Gaining from the Nurse then that Juliet is in a similar perspective, Romeo is hesitant to such an extent that Juliet probably won't love him any longer that he offers to cut himself. In any case, Friar Laurence causes him to go to his significant other and in the wake of having gone through the night with her Romeo is so supreme cheerful that passing doesnt give him a dread any longer; he would bite the dust right then and there on the off chance that it satisfied Juliet: Leave me alone taen, let me be killed, I am content, so thou wither have it so. I have more consideration to remain than will to go. Come demise, and welcome. Juliet wills it so. (III, v, 17-25) Be that as it may, she makes him leave her at first light. Saying goodbye to her Romeo shows himself sure that they will see each other again and that causes him to acknowledge his expulsion. Not long before he finds out about Juliets demise in V, I, he is cheerful having had a fantasy of Juliet which he takes as the harbinger of euphoric news (V, I, 2). Knowing about his wifes demise then he is without a moment's delay resolved to lie with thee this evening (V, I, 34) and gets to Verona to end it all at his ladys side. He is controlled by this thought and can't be halted by Paris who impedes him. Romeo wouldn't like to put another transgression upon his head (cf. V, iii, 62) and implores Paris to disregard him. Be that as it may, Paris will not go, so they battle and the County gets murdered. Romeo vows to satisfy his last wish to lay him close to Juliet in the burial place. Seeing that the man he just murdered is Paris, the man who ought to have been Juliets spouse, he feels sorry for him for being writ with him in acrid hardships book (cf. V, iii, 82) and lays the body into the grave. Inside the burial place Romeo feels joyful; he is with his dearest Juliet again, he will stay next to her and nobody will ever isolate them again. Subsequent to having lauded Juliets magnificence, having taken her in his arms and kissed her by and by, Romeo drinks the toxic substance to his adoration and hus with a kiss (V, iii, 120) he bites the dust. 2.1.2. Juliet Juliets mentality towards affection is somewhat unique to that of her darling Romeo. In this couple, Romeo is the sentimental one, and Juliet is the handy one7. While Romeo entertains himself with Petrarchan pictures she disheartens Romeo from sound system Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-72684584539036141472020-08-22T13:07:00.001-07:002020-08-22T13:07:15.004-07:00Opposites Attract essaysOpposites Are drawn toward each other papers People endeavoring to locate an intention in this story will be arraigned; people endeavoring to locate an ethical will be exiled; people endeavoring to discover a plot in it will be shot - By Order of the Author, (Twain 1) peruses the Notice before The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Twain asserts that he composed the whole novel simply as an undertaking story, and had no goal of making a more profound explanation about the human condition. In actuality, Twain makes a knowledge into mankind that the peruser barely anticipates from the creators unrealistic notification. He does this by utilizing the two primary characters in the novel, Huck Finn, an uneducated kid fleeing from human progress and Jim, the runaway slave. As these two rebels skim down the Mississippi River on a pontoon, Twain utilizes the character of Jim and his collaborations with others to oppose the white view of the Negro and to eventually exhibit his place in American culture. Twain does this by dem onstrating how Jim doesn't shape to the form of the cliché slave, has genuine feelings simply like any other individual and is a case of the Negros social remaining around then. In the start of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain presents Jim by depicting the cliché Negro. Jim speaks to the obliviousness and strange notions that most white accepted to be the slaves persona. As observed through the eyes of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, Jim embodies the cliché attributes of the lighthearted and regularly absurd Negro. This is shown when the peruser initially meets Jim, as Tom and Huck endeavor to escape the house. Jim, hears the young men moving and chooses to hold up until he hears it again however instantly nods off. Tom moves Jims cap by draping it on a tree appendage. Subsequently Jim said the witches charmed him and put him in a stupor, and rode him everywhere throughout the state, and afterward set him under the trees once more, and hung ... <! Opposites are inclined toward one another papers Disclose to me who s your companion and Ill reveal to you what your identity is Numerous colloquialisms and axioms about relational relations show that relations have a significant impact in social orders and worries about accomplice determination are a fundamental factor in regular day to day existences of people. So it isn't astounding that logical research went to this subject to look at it in detail. This paper will focus on the components that are answerable for driving an individual to pick an accomplice forever. It will examine whether the conventional maxim opposites are inclined toward one another assumes a job in mate determination and whether it very well may be upheld by logical research. An investigation of Diane Felmlee Fatal fascination and says that distinctions may pull in toward the start yet are not the reason for a drawn out relationship (Felmlee, 1995). An appraisal of 291 couples wedded not exactly a year demonstrated comparative outcomes. Couples were comparative on significant issues like political perspectives and strictness yet less on character related qualities like modesty and tension. Anyway the outcomes recommend that contrary energies may reduce a cheerful long haul relationshi ... <! Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-43566802743913842452020-08-21T10:48:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:48:20.043-07:00Women in a patriarchal society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-38100295370914779522020-05-26T04:42:00.001-07:002020-05-26T04:42:05.241-07:00The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1400 Words To ââ¬Å"be true,â⬠in terms of The Scarlet Letter, one must outwardly show the secret of his identity (Male 325). However, a common characteristic of all people is to hide their sins in secrecy. In The Scarlet Letter, the effects of hidden sin and revealed sin are exemplified through the lives of Hester Prynne, Pearl and Arthur Dimmesdale. Together Prynne and Dimmesdale commit an act of adultery against Chillingworth, which forces Prynne to admit her sins to the community. While Prynneââ¬â¢s open conviction of sin cause her to meet ignominy and scorn, it allows her to gain the forgiveness of society. Even though Pearl does not commit her own sin, she is affected by the sin of her mother. Dimmesdale keeps his sin of adultery hidden. This gives him a sense of guilt that causes inward anguish, ultimately leading to his death. Surprisingly, many characters created by different authors have similar traits to the characters created by Hawthorne. In fact, what is true for all char acters is that the effects of guilt and hidden sin are worse and less honorable than the effects of public criticism and revealed sin. ââ¬Å"What is significant in the Scarlet Letter is not that Hester is right or wrong in an absolute sense, but rather that she has integrity in her own terms, that she has fallen in love with a minister who has integrity in different terms, and that therefore their love is condemned to be mangled in the clash of their ultimately irreconcilable moralities.â⬠(Gross 338) Hester takesShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words à |à 5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added ââ¬Å"Wâ⬠to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words à |à 4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorneââ¬â¢s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words à |à 4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Scarlet Letterâ⬠. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In ââ¬Å"The Scarlet Letterâ⬠, the letter ââ¬Å"Aâ⬠is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter ââ¬Å"Aâ⬠represents in Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Scarlet Letterâ⬠are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Scarlet Letterâ⬠, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words à |à 6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630ââ¬â¢s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritanââ¬â¢s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words à |à 4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words à |à 5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hesterââ¬â¢s complex character, Chillingworthââ¬â¢s actions and Dimmesdaleââ¬â¢s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the ââ¬Å"bad guyâ⬠. The townspeople demand the other adultererââ¬â¢s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words à |à 7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words à |à 6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hesterââ¬â¢s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words à |à 6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words à |à 7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said societyââ¬â¢s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-44109713102325644512020-05-15T11:18:00.001-07:002020-05-15T11:18:02.744-07:00Strategic Issues Facing JetBlue - 1225 Words There are two major strategic issues facing JetBlue. The first is that the company is growing very rapidly. This brings with it a number of critical challenges, such as recruitment and selection, maintaining the corporate culture, and maintaining high service levels. Secondary goals associated with this are maintaining safety standards, finding profitable routes to occupy and avoiding a unionization drive. Growing a company this rapidly is possible given the strong initial financing that the company has, but challenging in that the faster the airline grows, the more difficult it will be to find the right people and the right routes. The company can grow rapidly while plucking the low-hanging fruit but these tasks become more difficult over time. The second major strategic issue facing JetBlue is that it needs to attract customers. Initial customer response has been strong, a function of low fares, strong customer service and new airplanes. The companys first year growth objectives ha ve it trying to go from none-existence to filling fifty-three flights per day. This will require an extensive marketing effort for each new market in which it operates, especially as the company is not affiliated with any airline groupings that might drive business from other carriers. The companys internal strategies stand in response to the conditions of the external environment. The airline industry in the United States is a difficult one in which to operate. Fixed costs associated withShow MoreRelatedJetblue Case Study Essay1736 Words à |à 7 PagesINTRODUCTION JetBlue Airways is a low-cost passenger airline that provides customer service primarily on point-to-point routes. JetBlue offers its customers a quality product with young, fuel-efficient aircraft, leather seats, free in-flight-- (24-Channel live television via satellite Direct TV, Thompson et al. p C-53)--entertainment at every seat, pre-assigned seating and reliable performance. JetBlue. . As of Dec 31 2008, serves 52 destinations in 19 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and five countriesRead MoreJetblue Case Analysis1111 Words à |à 5 PagesJetBlue Airways airline was established by David Neeleman as a low-fare airline with high-quality customer service. His goal was to create an airline that was innovative for the current market. Their main focus was to provide service to areas that were underserved as well as to large cities with overpriced fares. He aimed to establish a strong brand that differentiated itself from its competitors by being a safe, reliable and low cost-airline. Ne eleman managed to achieve this partially by hiringRead MoreJetblue Case Study Essay970 Words à |à 4 Pages1. Describe the ââ¬Å"JetBlue Experience.â⬠How is it related to the companyââ¬â¢s overall business strategy? With the JetBlue Airways experience, passengers enjoyed free amenities such as watching live satellite TV, listening to XM satellite radio, brand name snacks, coffee and drink. Passengers can also experience paperless ticketing, assigned seating with more legroom. These experiences have helped to streamline JetBlueââ¬â¢s business strategy as being the best customer service in the airline industry. Read MoreJetblue Airlines : The Low Cost Strategy1522 Words à |à 7 Pages To begin with, jetBlue is known as the low cost airline which has low operating costs and also which makes effective use of technology and advertising. 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A worldwide recession along with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have led to a decrease in passenger traffic, reduction in revenue and rising fuel prices. Additionally, airline companies face the increase competition from new entrants. The shortage of pilots has also causedRead MoreCase Study : Jetblue Ipo Valuation Finance2685 Words à |à 11 Pages Group Case: JetBlue IPO Valuationâ⬠¨Finance 6806, Fall 2014â⬠¨Ã¢â¬ ¨Abrar Khayyatâ⬠¨Rajesh Marajâ⬠¨Veronica Paezâ⬠¨Ã¢â¬ ¨November 10, 2014â⬠¨ Problem Statement Only two years in existence, Jet Blue decided to become a public company and issue an initial public offering. Jet Blueââ¬â¢s decision came in 2002, just as the airline industry experienced a substantial downturn following the terrorist attacks of September 2011. Despite these challenges, Jet Blue remained profitable and experienced aggressive growth Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-91736209905521952972020-05-06T16:31:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:31:37.283-07:00What Is The Process Of The Deliverlosure Process - 1794 Words Introduction During the course of a project at some point you will consider that time has progressed to the point that the client/user and service entity ââ¬Å"one performing the projectâ⬠that close out procedures are forthcoming as the last phase of the project life cycle. The close out phase starts to occurs at the point the client begins to confirm that they are satisfied and in acceptance of the established prior agreed deliverables are being meet. PMBOK states that ââ¬Å"the obligation to the customer, the contractual obligation to the customer is to provide the customer with the finished product according to the agreed upon criteria for acceptance (p.52). This is accomplished as the turning over of the intended project deliverable to itsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The contract deliverables was for new windows, sills, trim and vinyl siding on the house and matching on the new garage, Concrete driveway 12ââ¬â¢ by 87ââ¬â¢ in length reinforced 4â⬠slab. Haul in new sub grade and proper disposal of existing sub-grade. Before work, commenced permits and government agencies need to be contacted to communicate the intent of the process. Note: concerns arose as to full contractual performance however, the male owner would come out yelling and screaming on a daily basis and as well like clockwork the female would come out after him and apologizing for his behavior. Complaints came in as the driveway is not wide enough, the windows are not as they chose and they want a wall built down the center of the garage because the trusses have a cut end in the center, as well as rain is washing dirt down the city drain sewer. Explained the matter to the building inspector, and made assessment as to a checklist as well as a statement of acceptance to building standards, I knew the sponsors would not contribute to this step of our closeout. In my expert decision the project was complete at this point and since I included the inspectors report as to meeting with the sponsor all complaints were not of defect of performance merely complaints of adding to the project outside of the contract. This project ended with the owner committing suicide from hanging on the engineered trusses in the garage that was Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-9067608438377376642020-05-05T19:29:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:29:18.816-07:00Supply Chain and Toyota Case free essay sample How the corporate strategy of Toyota has evolved from the 30s up to 2010? 2. Describe the elements of the TPS system. Do you know any other ââ¬Å"leanâ⬠firms? 3. Comment on Toyotaââ¬â¢s focus on the customer. How this approach is related to quality? 4. Describe Toyotaââ¬â¢s supply chain network (complexity of global SC) 5. Under your point of view, which are the reasons behind Toyotaââ¬â¢s recalls? 6. Describe the communication actions Toyota undertook for dealing with the recallââ¬â¢s crisis Analysis questions: Crisis management. How do you assess the way Toyota managed the recalls crisis? Under your point of view, which reasons are behind Toyotaââ¬â¢s first approach to the recallââ¬â¢s crisis? 2. How can Toyota come back to their quality principles while managing a complex global supply chain network and keeping a fast innovation/ new products development pace? 3. Evaluate the external failure costs of the Toyota recallââ¬â¢s crisis (max 3 pages) CASE STUDY 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain and Toyota Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page THE TAO OF TIMBUK2 1. Consider the two categories of products that Timbuk2 makes and sells. For the custom messenger bag, what are the key competitive dimensions that are driving sales? Are the competitive priorities different for the new laptop bags sourced in China? 2. Draw two diagrams, one depicting the value chain for the products made in China and the other depicting the bags produced in San Francisco. Show all the major steps, including raw material, manufacturing, finished goods, distribution inventory and transportation. Other than the manufacturing cost, what other cost should Timbuk2 consider when making the sourcing decision? Use the value chain framework from Porter and Kramer paper to map all the value chain impacts. 3. Design a strategic CSR agenda for Timbuk2, taking into account the San Francisco and China manufacturing facilities. Who are the stakeholders? Which issues should be a priority in Timbuk2ââ¬â¢s agenda? (max 2 pages) Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-47797230632632471312020-04-13T11:30:00.001-07:002020-04-13T11:30:03.093-07:00Stay True free essay sample When I was young I acted differently around certain people, like I was torn between two personalities. Have you ever been torn between multiple personalities? I would always act differently in front of my friends than in front of my family. This led me to believe that all people should be true to them selves. Now that I have developed this belief I have noticed that I donââ¬â¢t get put in to the pressures that I did when I acted differently. For example, I used to hang out with the ââ¬Å"badâ⬠kids at school. One time in the cafeteria at Nicholasville elementary my friends were throwing grapes and they encouraged me to do it, too. Of course we got in trouble and we had to stay and clean the whole cafeteria. Another time when I was in middle school one of my best friends wanted me to steal an I-pod from some one else. We will write a custom essay sample on Stay True or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By this time I had developed my distinct personalities and the way I saw it was wrong to steal so I said no and never talked to him again. Another reason that I believe in staying true to yourself is that people will like you for you not because of who you try to be. Going back to the story of me throwing the grapes I know now that those kids that I was with were my friends because I acted like them not like myself. Now that I think about it I was stupid to even be around those kids. Most of the time the kids are just acting like they like you anyway; if you stay true then you wonââ¬â¢t have to deal with the problems that I have endured. Over time I have gained this belief and I will always abide by this belief. I believe that every one should stay true to themselves because you will be put in better situations and youââ¬â¢ll make better friends. I have gained a sense if personality because of my belief. In the future Iââ¬â¢ll always be myself and continue to let my belief grow. Everyone should stay true to themselves, believe in this and you will have an easier social life. Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-64521825600574265642020-03-11T11:09:00.001-07:002020-03-11T11:09:02.686-07:00Free Essays on Monolithic BiasWhat are traditional families? Are they vital to our way of life or a barrier to progress? Generally ââ¬Ëfamilyââ¬â¢ (normal and natural) means a married couple who, at some point in their lives, raise children. However, according to monolithic bias the term is more than description; it is also a moral statement. Thus monolithic bias is a situation when there is one basic, uniform type of household - the nuclear family consisting of a husband and a wife with one or more children. That is, the traditional family implies putting a high value on becoming and remaining married, placing children ahead of careers, and favoring two-parent families over various alternative lifestyles. These alternative lifestyles may be gay or lesbian families, single hood, single parent families, blended or extended families, or common law families. However it is important to keep in mind that monolithic bias ignores the numerous conditions, difficulties and hurdles that families who are not part of the normal and natural family face in everyday life. For example there has been a drastic increase in cohabitation over the last thirty years. Most cohabiting couples do not marry, and only small percentages have children. Commitment tends not to be as strong as in a marriage. Single parents have to struggle to make ends meet. Teen mothers find it extremely difficult to juggle four jobs, school and raising children all at the same time. Many gay couples feel they must keep their relationships a secret to avoid prejudice and discrimination. This situation can place considerable strain on their relationships. The ââ¬Ënormal and naturalââ¬â¢ family however is a double income family with one or two children with substantial disposable income. They go on vacations, have stocks and investments, and are always close- knit and happy. This kind of monolithic perspective tends to ignore the hidden problems associated with ââ¬Ënormalââ¬â¢ families such as child abuse These childr... Free Essays on Monolithic Bias Free Essays on Monolithic Bias What are traditional families? Are they vital to our way of life or a barrier to progress? Generally ââ¬Ëfamilyââ¬â¢ (normal and natural) means a married couple who, at some point in their lives, raise children. However, according to monolithic bias the term is more than description; it is also a moral statement. Thus monolithic bias is a situation when there is one basic, uniform type of household - the nuclear family consisting of a husband and a wife with one or more children. That is, the traditional family implies putting a high value on becoming and remaining married, placing children ahead of careers, and favoring two-parent families over various alternative lifestyles. These alternative lifestyles may be gay or lesbian families, single hood, single parent families, blended or extended families, or common law families. However it is important to keep in mind that monolithic bias ignores the numerous conditions, difficulties and hurdles that families who are not part of the normal and natural family face in everyday life. For example there has been a drastic increase in cohabitation over the last thirty years. Most cohabiting couples do not marry, and only small percentages have children. Commitment tends not to be as strong as in a marriage. Single parents have to struggle to make ends meet. Teen mothers find it extremely difficult to juggle four jobs, school and raising children all at the same time. Many gay couples feel they must keep their relationships a secret to avoid prejudice and discrimination. This situation can place considerable strain on their relationships. The ââ¬Ënormal and naturalââ¬â¢ family however is a double income family with one or two children with substantial disposable income. They go on vacations, have stocks and investments, and are always close- knit and happy. This kind of monolithic perspective tends to ignore the hidden problems associated with ââ¬Ënormalââ¬â¢ families such as child abuse These childr... Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-87529067067305045322020-02-24T01:35:00.001-08:002020-02-24T01:35:02.301-08:00Perry v. New Hampshire Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsPerry v. New Hampshire - Term Paper Example The paper tells that the purpose of the criminal law in the US is to exactly give a fair trial for every person who will be or charged with criminal offenses. This has to be secured by the Sixth Amendment allowing defendants to have access to his or her right to counsel, secure defense witnesses and cross-examine the prosecutions. The jurisdiction of the criminal law is thus so strong in the case of Perry v New Hampshire because it ensures both the defendant and prosecutor the ability to provide their evidences as this is the ultimate way to deal with both parties a reasonably fair or unbiased procedure in the proceedings of the case. However, the criminal law is careful with accepting evidences. Thus, its power should not be undermined with suggestive circumstances such as found in the case of Perry v New Hampshire. Any form of involvement of an individual in the crime will make him or her culpable for it, the essence of accomplice liability. Involvement may be in a form of intentio nal sharing of information, advices, encouragement and so on. The very point of these actions is to provide something that will aid for the initiation of the crime. In the case of Perry v. New Hampshire, the former tried to amend the verdict of the state because of his right or privilege to amend. After the amendment, Perry was able to prove that the identification of him in the crime was tainted because of suggestive circumstances. Whoever intentionally included Perry in the crime must be able to find his accomplice and use him or her in court in order to counteract the defendantââ¬â¢s subject of amendment.... The very point of these actions is to provide something that will aid for the initiation of the crime. In the case of Perry v. New Hampshire, the former tried to amend the verdict of the state because of his right or privilege to amend. After the amendment, Perry was able to prove that the identification of him in the crime was tainted because of suggestive circumstances. Whoever intentionally included Perry in the crime must be able to find his accomplice and use him or her in court in order to counteract the defendantââ¬â¢s subject of amendment. For this reason, accomplice liability is a strong factor to weaken the defense of Perry because of the accountability of the said person due to his or her knowledge about the whole crime with the actual perpetuator. However, regarding this, Perry could potentially find another case source and that would be the case of Simmons v. United States, 390 US 377, 384 (1968). He could potentially expound this leading to proving that eyewitnesses or even the accomplice the possibility of being made under suggestive circumstances. Criminal liability refers to the responsibility of an act to harm the society which could be prosecuted by the government. The case of Perry is subject of governmentââ¬â¢s prosecution. However, the government did not eliminate his right to amend the initial verdict and so the Supreme Court would be the last to interpret his entire case. In this amendment, Perry had the privilege to counteract the claimed act against him to harm the society that is subject of governmentââ¬â¢s prosecution. Since proven not guilty, Perry therefore should not be obliged to carry a criminal liability. Various elements in crimes Actus reus means guilty act, or the actual element of the crime and this has to be proven beyond reasonable Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-70348513516316089972020-02-07T18:20:00.001-08:002020-02-07T18:20:02.954-08:00Global Changes and Developing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsGlobal Changes and Developing - Assignment Example National, organizational and group cultures are greatly influenced by the leadership styles that exist in each culture. For example, the management style, vision and the personality of a leader greatly affect the behaviour and performance of the people under him or her. In addition, the tradition and the history of the country, organization or the group affect the performance of the individuals in that nation, group or organization. For example, if the forefathers of a given nation strived and hard worked and managed to achieve their desired goals as independence, then the citizens of that nation would automatically develop a culture of hardworking and striving in order to achieve their goals. Moreover, the set goals, beliefs, symbols and values of a given nation, organization or group influence their corresponding cultures. For example, the symbols in the national flag, organization or group dictate much about the goals, vision and mission of that state or organization (Schriesheim & Neider 2006). Consequently, there are many instances where national, organization and group culture conflict in one way of the other. In most cases, conflicts arise when one culture interferes with the culture of the other group, nation or organization. However, the existence of cultures helps in shaping the behaviours of individuals and their performance (Schriesheim & Neider 2006). It is, therefore, evident that, culture is an integral aspect in structuring the expected dos and donts of individuals in an organization or group. Moreover, each organization or group should respect the culture of each other to ensure peaceful Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-59790571487539419482020-01-29T11:30:00.001-08:002020-01-29T11:30:03.968-08:00Amusement Park Industry Essay Example for Free Amusement Park Industry Essay â⬠¢ The amusement industry in India is at a growing stage currently with more and more developments happening in this industry all across the country. â⬠¢ The size of the Indian Amusement Park business is estimated to be around Rs 4000 crores and is estimated to grow by 10% per cent per annum till 2010. â⬠¢ The amusement and theme park industry is deemed to be worth Rs. 10000 crores in India by 2020. Janaki Rao. U Analyst Equity Research Desk [emailprotected] com â⬠¢ Currently for a population of 1. 15 billion in the country, there are only 120 amusement parks and 45 Family Entertainment Centers. This indicates that the growth potential of Indian amusement and theme park industry is substantial. â⬠¢ Global leaders in entertainment parks and attractions like Universal Studios, Disney, Sony and Ripley Entertainment are mulling over investments of billions of dollars in India considering the vast potential in this region. Private equity funds are also aggressively dedicating resources towards this sector. â⬠¢ The Indian small and big players in the Amusement Industry are looking at the tremendous growth potential of this industry in the next 5 years. â⬠¢ Growth of Indias retail sector had been the main driving force for the amusement industry in India. â⬠¢ Globally, domestic and international tourists comprise more than 50% of the total footfall at popular amusement parks. â⬠¢ Transport corridors like expressways and the Metro line are bringing an increasing number of people closer to entertainment hubs. â⬠¢ The high growth potential of the industry in highly populated India will boost tourism, social infrastructural development as well as employment generation. The success and growth potential of this industry is resulting into the advent of new manufacturers of amusement parks rides in India. V. S. R. Sastry Vice President Equity Research Desk 91-22-25276077 [emailprotected] com Dr. V. V. L. N. Sastry Ph. D. Chief Research Officer [emailprotected] com 1 22nd May, 2010 CONTENTS 1. Sector Overview 2. Current Trends 3. Profile of top three Indian Companies 4. SWOT Analysis 5. Conclusion 2 22nd May, 2010 1. Sector Overview Structure Development The amusement and theme park industry in India is about two decades old and it is relatively new when compared to its origin in USA Europe. This industry found its roots in India during mid and late 1980s when a few innovative entrepreneurs took challenge of pioneering few amusement parks in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. The growth in this industry started only in the last decade and that happened possibly during the advent of globalization when economic potential of the social capital began to be perceived. A recent market survey research shows that this industry in India is growing at a rapid pace and over 120 amusement parks and water parks are currently in operation in India. Out of them only 15% can be classified in the large parks category, 30% as medium size parks and balance 55% are small size local parks. Investments to the tune of Rs 10,000 crore are likely to flow into the domestic amusement and leisure sector by 2020 with about 500 new parks are expected to come up across the country. The Rs 4,000-crore Indian amusement and leisure industry expects fresh investment of Rs 10,000 crore by the year 2020. In terms of employment generation, the new parks are likely to create jobs for six crore man-hours per month. It is estimated that the total capital investment made in the amusement and theme park industry in India till date, is more than INR 40 billion (excluding investment on land). The estimated annual revenue generated by this industry is approx INR 20 billion, at present, which is expected to grow to almost three times by the year 2020 at a CAGR of over 11%. 3 22nd May, 2010 Amusement Parks are recreational facilities that offer a varied range of entertainment options ranging from theme parks to spine chilling roller coaster, 3D theater to giant wheel, in a cluster format. These parks provide one-stop-shop leisure and entertainment solutions for the entire family at one place and are a key source of tourist attraction (domestic and foreign) and revenue generation for the State. The demand for entertainment options such as amusement parks, I-max, shopping malls are rapidly increasing across the Country. The key demand drivers for the segments are rising base of middle class, increasing disposable income, changing lifestyle, cultural shift and increasing emphasis to lead a holistic life with a balance of work and leisure. Tourism- Amusement parks. During the last decade domestic tourism had grown @ 14% on an average and currently it is estimated at 527 million. Out of this, the amusement park industry generated only 15 million footfall during last year. Globally, domestic and international tourists comprise more than 50% of the total footfall at popular amusement parks. We can, therefore, expect that there would be manifold increase in footfall in amusement parks in India as the large parks in India are gradually converting themselves to larger destination parks with additional investments following the foot steps of large global parks. Currently for a population of 1. 1 billion in the country, there are only 120 amusement parks and 45 Family Entertainment Centres. This indicates that the growth potential of Indian amusement and theme park industry is substantial. The high growth potential of the industry in highly populated India will boost tourism, social infrastructural development as well as employment generation. The success and growth potential of this industry is resulting into the advent of new manufacturers of amusement parks rides in India. 4 22nd May, 2010. Today, Indian manufacturers can produce international standard quality products at a competitive price for both the domestic and the global market. Both these areas have good potential. Amusement parks have not received their due recognition for their enormous potential as an infrastructural facility for tourism. The amusement industry worldwide is a very significant part of the tourism effort. In India, the tourism policy does not address the needs and the potential of the amusement industry. As such, today the amusement industry in India receives no special incentives. Recreation Industry Amusement parks Recreation Industry is currently one of the most exciting sectors in India. The current market for leisure is estimated to cross USD 1 bn in next few years. The leisure industry mainly consist of amusement park, malls family entertainment centers (FECs) and multiplexes. The present consumer base is estimated around 30 million people. At present there are around 200 FECs in the Country and the number is expected to grow to 400 in the next couple of years. Amusement parks contribute nearly 40% of the total leisure industry turnover. Through the years though there is a healthy growth, but at the same time it is burdened by local entertainment tax ranging from 10 to 25 per cent in various states. Further if any imposition of Central Tax like Service Tax will cripple the whole industry. The industry can absorb either of the taxes and not both, he stated. Further he urged to make amusement industry an integral part of tourism and development in India at the Central Government Level. Recreation Industry is currently one of the most exciting sectors in India. The current market for leisure is estimated to cross USD 1 bn in next few years. The leisure industry mainly consist of amusement park, malls family entertainment centers (FECs) and multiplexes. The present consumer base is estimated around 30 million people. 5 22nd May, 2010 At present there are around 200 FECs in the Country and the number is expected to grow to 400 in the next couple of years. Amusement parks contribute nearly 40% of the total leisure industry turnover. Retail- Amusement parks Growth of Indias retail sector had been the main driving force for the amusement industry in India. Famous Ten Amusement parks in India: 1. Veegaland Park Situated at Pallikkara, this state of art Amusement Park is just 14kms away from Kochi/Cochin. Spread over a whooping 24 acres of land, its 7 storey high Vintage Castle and Caterpillar Village give a Fairy Tale atmosphere. The musical Fountains, flower gardens, water pool and water slides add to the attraction of the Veegaland Amusement Park. 6 22nd May, 2010 2. Ocean Park Ocean Park is situated at Gandipet, 20 km. from Hyderabad, in 20 acres of landscaped gardens, an amusement park that you havent seen the likes of yet in India. It is one of the first theme parks started in twin-cities and continues to be a great hit especially with children. But it is not the young ones alone who enjoy, even adults can have lots of fun here. It is a family amusement park offering a good mix of fun and thrills for people of all ages with water rideskiddies pool, wave pool, water slides, dry rides- super loop, the 60 feet high ride, bumping cars, slam bomb etc. . 7 22nd May, 2010 3. Ramoji Film City Ramoji Film City is the ultimate leisure destination for holidays, honeymooners, corporate conferences, events, theme parties, adventure camps, family picnics and grand weddings. this world s largest integrated film studio complex spread over 2000 acres of land. It was opened by the Film Producer Ramoji Rao in the year 1996. Itââ¬â¢s about 25 kms from the main city of Hyderabad and is open the 7 days of a week. The Film City Complex has urban landscapes of US and Australia as well as India. They have the Amazon Army Base as the newest additions to the attractions of the Film City. 8 22nd May, 2010 4. Fun n food Village Fun N Food Village at Delhi was set up in the year 1993. Fun N Food Village is situated at Old Delhi-Gurgaon Highway which is just 3 kilometers away from the Delhi international airport. Fun N Food Village is for all ages of people. Fun N Food Village in Delhi was inaugurated by former President of India Giani Zail Singh. 9 22nd May, 2010 5. Essel World Pan India Paryatan Pvt. Ltd. (PIPPL) is the company holding EsselWorld ââ¬â Indiaââ¬â¢s Largest Amusement Park and Water Kingdom ââ¬â Asiaââ¬â¢s Largest Theme Water Park. Pioneers in the entertainment and leisure industry, it was EsselWorld that pulled people out of the staid environment of conventional pleasure trips and unfolded before them the exciting new scenario of a complete leisure destination. A sprawling complex on the coastal Gorai village in northwest Mumbai, ââ¬Å"The Island of Funâ⬠is sprawled over 64 acres and is a refreshing gateway to a whole new world of excitement and fun. The second phase in the expansion plans for PIPPL, Water Kingdom makes this twin park complex a complete destination by itself. Itââ¬â¢s never-before seen attractions set amidst unique architecture with international standard amenities and hygiene; catapult Water Kingdom into a different league. It is the only, truly international water park experience in India. 10 22nd May, 2010 6. Adventure Island Sprawling over an area of 62 acres in North West Delhi, it has been made with the venture of Unitech Ltd and International Amusement Ltd. Itââ¬â¢s a 164 crore project with a water park and Planet Pogo. There are 26 rides in all and all of them have been imported supplied by leading European manufacturers such as Intamin, Moser and Zamperla, who supply rides to Disney, Universal Studios and Six Flags. The park is especially popular amongst children and teenagers. The entire Island consists of world class amusement Park, an adventure island and a water park. Retail Environment Metro Walk (Delhi) is spread across 2. 21 lakh sq ft and is anchored to the park. It overlooks a large lake which acts as a separator between the mall and the park. The Park has 26 rides spreading in an area of 3. 5acres. 7. Entertainment City It is thought of as Disney Land of India the Entertainment City in Noida. Unveiled by former cricket captain and entrepreneur Kapil Dev, it spreads over a whooping 147 acre land with an investment of Rs 10 billion. Built over an area of 100 acres of land, the park has more then 30 rides, supplied from European manufacturers. The Entertainment City Park has three entertainment zones, one for kids, one for teenagers and one for families each with its own separate rides, attractions and food courts. In addition to this it also has a Shopping complex known as the Great IndiaThe Entertainment City is a is a joint venture between Unitech and International Amusement Limited, the promoters of Appu Ghar (Delhi). 11 22nd May, 2010 8. Nicco Park It is situated in the heart of the main City of Calcutta in Salt Lake its one of the most happening place for the kids and teenagers. The elders simply love to be here. Covering an area of 40 acres, it was opened in the year 1991. Jheel Meel was the previous name of the park. It was renamed in the year 1990 with the restructuring of the park. Itââ¬â¢s the only Amusing Park in the world which has got ISO 9002 certification. It draws a whopping 1. 5 million people every year. 9. Gujarat Science City Gujarat Science City has been made with a view of imparting education in the form of entertainment. On one of its side, it has small village while on other side the suburban urban area reflects technological atmosphere. The Gujarat Science City has something different from others in the country. Visited by the former Indian President and Scientist Dr. J P Abdul Kalam it exhibits, mind blowing experience, models which can be worked upon, a showcase of virtual reality, activity corners, hands on labs and live demonstrations to provide an understanding of science and technology to the common man. 10. Platinum Resorts The silent yet beautiful theme park of West Delhi is spreading at 14 acres of land. Big lawns here and the greenery calls people to view the scenery beauty amongst the screaming voice of the city lights. Itââ¬â¢s a Resort cum Water Park. The beauty of the Park can be seen from the entrance itself. It has a huge big entrance with the hugeness it looks more magnificent. The Platinum Resort is just a 30 minutes drive (25 km drive from Paschim Vihar, on Delhi-Rohtak Road, NH no. 10. Itââ¬â¢s a good place for family gatherings, parties and of course the entertainment of the entire family. 12 22nd May, 2010 13 22nd May, 2010 Current trends Amusement parks seek uniform entertainment tax The Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries, apex body of the amusement parks, has sought uniformity in the entertainment tax being imposed by different states. The Association rues that the exorbitantly charged entertainment tax by some states is a major impediment in the growth of the industry in these regions. ââ¬Å"West Bengal, Punjab and Gujarat charge entertainment tax at 20%, 40% and 25% respectively, whereas the entertainment tax rate hovers around 5-15% in majority of the states. Real Estate companies plans to enter into this market Though the unorganised players hold a majority share in the market, the organised players are also expanding their base. Groups like Nicco Parks, Zee group, Unitech Turner and various real estate companies are developing amusement parks in different regions. The foreign developers are also stepping into the Indian amusement industry through collaborations with Indian companies. 14 22nd May, 2010 V Guard group entered into amusement parks V Guard Group of companies, based in Cochin in Kerala, is negotiating with property owners in Mumbai and Chennai for starting amusement parks. The group, which is running Veegaland in Cochin and Wonderla near Bangalore, has identified a place near Chennai to start a watertheme and amusement park, but negotiations were still on. Growing transportation facilities. Transport corridors like expressways and the Metro line are bringing an increasing number of people closer to entertainment hubs. To that extent, they trigger growth of formal means of entertainment. One major development witnessed in National Capital Region (NCR) over the last 4-5 years has been the expansion of Delhi Metro line. This process started in Central and Western parts of the city and is now on course to link South Delhi and Gurgaon. This has provided common man with a mode of transport that is both economical and convenient. While daily journeys like the ones to college or workplace have been simplified the occasional weekend outing too has been made much simpler as a result of enhanced connectivity to popular entertainment destinations. 15 22nd May, 2010 Expansion of Metro rail project One of the first entertainment destinations, which is strategically located near Rohini Metro Station, was launched by Unitech. This project was launched prior to the completion of the Metro line and has been fully operational since December 2007. It comprises Adventure Island an amusement park and the Metro Walk MallThe expansion of Delhi Metro gives us reason to be very optimistic about future of our projects in Rohini, especially Adventure Island. While the city is dotted with malls and retail spaces this is one of the few amusement parks and hence we expect a significant increase in footfalls upon extension of Metro line to South Delhi and Gurgaon, as distance will no longer be a prime consideration. Profile of top three Indian Companies: 1. Nicco parks resorts ltd. NPRL was incorporated with the prime objective of providing educative entertainment and wholesome recreation for the entire family simultaneously promoting tourism. NPRL presents a complete leisure package in an eco-friendly atmosphere with thrilling rides, eateries, exclusive landscaping, and indoor sports. This amusement park offers all kinds of entertainment under one roof and handles its offerings with professional elan. Business area of the company: At Nicco Park, it offers a wide range of rides and facilities, which the company manufactures in addition to setting up the operation of Amusement or Water Parks on turnkey basis. 16 22nd May, 2010 The company is associated with TUV, India (affiliated to TUEV, Germany) who commission an annual inspection of all its major rides along with manufacturing inspections for the new rides based on approved quality assurance plans. The company can offer overall consultancy to set-up and run Theme Parks successfully. â⬠¢ At the market price of Rs. 70. 00, the stock trades at P/E of 15. 35 x and 12. 96 xs for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E respectively. â⬠¢ Earning per share (EPS) of the company for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E is seen at Rs. 4. 56 and Rs. 5. 40 respectively for equity share of Rs. 10. 00 each. â⬠¢ We recommend ââ¬ËBUYââ¬â¢ in this particular scrip with a target price of Rs. 85. 00 for Medium to Long term investment. Particulars Net Sales (Rs. Mn. ) Net Profit (Rs. Mn. ) EPS (Rs. ) FY08 214. 80 12. 80 2. 73 FY09 244. 00 21. 30 4. 56 % Chg. YoY 13. 59 66. 41 67. 03 17 22nd May, 2010 2. South Asian Enterprises Ltd South Asian Enterprises (SAENTER) is engaged in the business of setting up and running amusement parks and has ventured into the real estate and films. It was incorporated on Mar. 21, 1990 and came out with a public issue on Mar. 30, 1994. Earlier known as South Asian Entertainment, it acquired its present name on Feb. 24, 1995. Associate companies include VLS Capital, Gaurav Overseas Exports, Needle Eye Plastic Industries, Pragati Moulders, M. P. Mehrotra (HUF), VLS Finance, VLS Securities, VLS Investments, VLS Asset Management, and VLS Investments Inc. (USA). The first park was set up in the city of Kanpur under the name and style of Mikky House. Other parks were set up in Lucknow and Ayodhya. In FY08, the company ventured into marketing of earthing products and execution of contracts for earthing and lightning protection systems. It has also ventured into television serials and film production in collaboration with AUM Sportainment. Come December is a recent production. â⬠¢ At the market price of Rs. 12. 06, the stock trades at P/E of -0. 14 x and 22. 59 xs for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E respectively. â⬠¢ Earning per share (EPS) of the company for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E is seen at Rs. -0. 54 and Rs. 0. 53 respectively for equity share of Rs. 10. 00 each. â⬠¢ We recommend ââ¬ËHOLDââ¬â¢ in this particular scrip with a target price of Rs. 20. 00 for Medium to Long term investment. 18 22nd May, 2010 Particulars FY09 FY10E % Chg. YoY Net Sales (Rs.Mn. ) Net Profit (Rs. Mn. ) EPS (Rs. ) 7. 40 1. 87 0. 47 13. 03 -0. 54 76. 08 3. Mahindra Holidays Resorts India Ltd Mahindra Holidays Resorts India Limited was incorporated as a private limited company called ââ¬ËMahindra Holidays Resorts India Private Limitedââ¬â¢ on September 20, 1996. The status of the Company was changed to a public limited company by a special resolution of the members passed at the annual general meeting held on January 29, 1998. The fresh certificate of incorporation consequent upon conversion was issued to the Company on April 17, 1998, by the Registrar of Companies, Tamil Nadu at Chennai. â⬠¢ At the market price of Rs. 482. 00, the stock trades at P/E of 30. 72 x and 27. 92 x for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E respectively. â⬠¢ Earning per share (EPS) of the company for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E is seen at Rs. 15. 69 and Rs. 17. 25 respectively for equity share of Rs. 10. 00 each. â⬠¢ We recommend ââ¬ËBUYââ¬â¢ in this particular scrip with a target price of Rs. 575. 00 for Medium to Long term investment. 19 22nd May, 2010 Particulars Net Sales (Rs. Mn. ) Net Profit (Rs. Mn. ) EPS (Rs. ) FY10 5101. 96 1178. 37 14. 44 FY11E 5694. 23 1307. 23 15. 69 % Chg. YoY 11. 61 10. 94 8. 66. SWOT Analysis Strengths â⬠¢ Fastest growing sector â⬠¢ High margins â⬠¢ Growing foreign Investments â⬠¢ Customers satisfaction Weaknesses â⬠¢ Seasonal business â⬠¢ Low entry fees â⬠¢ No special incentives from govt 20 22nd May, 2010 Opportunities â⬠¢ Currently for a population of 1. 15 billion in the country, there are only 120 amusement parks and 45 Family Entertainment Centers. This indicates that the growth potential of Indian amusement and theme park industry is substantial. â⬠¢ Transport corridors like expressways and the Metro line are bringing an increasing number of people closer to entertainment hubs. â⬠¢ The Indian gaming market is on the path of maturity, income levels are rising and people want to have a fun life. â⬠¢ The foreign companies reportedly interested in the Indian amusement parks market include Universal Studios, Time Warner and Disney. â⬠¢ Growing tourism industry â⬠¢ Growing retail market Threats/ Challenges â⬠¢ Factors such as monsoon and cold weather affect the industry and in a year, only 100 days are the peak season for the parks. â⬠¢ Lack of uniform taxation â⬠¢ Govt policies â⬠¢ Rising material cost of equipment 21 22nd May, 2010. Conclusion: The high growth potential of the industry in highly populated India will boost tourism, social infrastructural development as well as employment generation. The success and growth potential of this industry is resulting into the advent of new manufacturers of amusement parks rides in India. Currently for a population of 1. 15 billion in the country, there are only 120 amusement parks and 45 Family Entertainment Centers. This indicates that the growth potential of Indian amusement and theme park industry is substantial. Global leaders in entertainment parks and attractions like Universal Studios, Disney, Sony and Ripley Entertainment are mulling over investments of billions of dollars in India considering the vast potential in this region. Private equity funds are also aggressively dedicating resources towards this sector. The growth of the Indian economy will drive the Industry to, ââ¬Å"grow both vertically horizontally. Vertically, in terms of the scale of investment and horizontally across the length and the breadth of the country. The greatest growth potential is the enormous amount of dormant/under-utilised land in Indiaââ¬â¢s hinterland. Hotels and resorts are already showing interest in developing existing plots into anything form small play areas to full scale theme or water parks. _______________________________________________________ Disclaimer: This document prepared by our research analysts does not constitute an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any financial instrument or as an official confirmation of any transaction. The information contained herein is from publicly available data or other sources believed to be reliable but we do not represent that it is accurate or complete and it should not be relied on as such . Firstcall India Equity Advisors Pvt. Ltd. or any of itââ¬â¢s affiliates shall not be in any way responsible for any loss or damage that may arise to any person from any inadvertent error in the information contained in this report. This document is provide for assistance only and is not intended to be and must not alone be taken as the basis for an investment decision. 22 22nd May, 2010 Firstcall India Equity Research: Email ââ¬â [emailprotected] com B. Harikrishna Banking B. Prathap IT A. Rajesh Babu FMCG C. V. S. L. Kameswari Pharma U. Janaki Rao Capital Goods E. Swethalatha Oil Gas D. Ashakirankumar Automobile Kavita Singh Diversified Nimesh Gada Diversified Priya Shetty Diversified Tarang Pawar Diversified Firstcall India also provides Firstcall India Equity Advisors Pvt. Ltd focuses on, IPOââ¬â¢s, QIPââ¬â¢s, F. P. Oââ¬â¢s, Takeover Offers, Offer for Sale and Buy Back Offerings. Corporate Finance Offerings include Foreign Currency Loan Syndications, Placement of Equity / Debt with multilateral organizations, Short Term Funds Management Debt Equity, Working Capital Limits, Equity Debt Syndications and Structured Deals. Corporate Advisory Offerings include Mergers Acquisitions (domestic and cross-border), divestitures, spin-offs, valuation of business, corporate Restructuring-Capital and Debt, Turnkey Corporate Revival ââ¬â Planning Execution, Project Financing, Venture capital, Private Equity and Financial Joint Ventures Firstcall India also provides Financial Advisory services with respect to raising of capital through FCCBs, GDRs, ADRs and listing of the same on International Stock Exchanges namely AIMs, Luxembourg, Singapore Stock Exchanges and Other international stock exchanges. For Further Details Contact: 3rd Floor, Sankalp, The Bureau, Dr. R. C. Marg, Chembur, Mumbai 400 071 Tel. : 022-2527 2510/2527 6077/25276089 Telefax: 022-25276089 E-mail: [emailprotected] com www. firstcallindiaequity. com 23. Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-14090635589297763872020-01-21T07:54:00.001-08:002020-01-21T07:54:02.502-08:00Analysis of Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House EssaysAct I Analysis: Act I, in the tradition of the well made play in which the first act serves as an exposition, the second an event, and the third an unraveling (though Ibsen diverges from the traditional third act by presenting not an unraveling, but a discussion), establishes the tensions that explode later in the play. Ibsen sets up the Act by first introducing us to the central issue: Nora and her relation to the exterior world (Nora entering with her packages). Nora serves as a symbol for women of the time; women who were thought to be content with the luxuries of modern society with no thought or care of the world in which they lived. Indeed, there is some truth in this (the extent of this is debatable). As the play reveals, Nora does delight in material wealth, having been labeled a spendthrift from an early age. She projects the attitude that money is the key to happiness. By presenting this theme of the relationship between women and their surroundings at the beginning, Ibsen indicates to the reader that this is the most basic and important idea at work in the play. However, it is also clear that Nora's simplistic approach to the world is not entirely her fault. Torvald's treatment of Nora as a small helpless child only contributes to Nora's isolation from reality. Just as Nora relates to the exterior world primarily through material objects, Torvald relates to Nora as an object to be possessed. The question becomes who is more detached from reality? Though Torvald's attitude pervades every word he speaks to Nora, his objectification of her is most evident in his use of animal imagery. He refers to her as his little "lark" and "squirrel"â⬠¹small harmless animals. Similarly, Torvald repeatedly calls Nora his "little one" or "little girl", maintaining the approach of a father rather than husband. Nora is fully dependent on Torvald, from money to diet (the macaroons); and, because she is so sheltered, her perception of the world is romanticized. Nora's skewed vision of the world is most evident in her interactions with Mrs. Linde. Whereas her old school friend is wizened and somber, Nora is impetuous. Her choice to tell Mrs. Linde about her secret seems to be more of a boast of a small child than a thoughtful adult; in fact, Nora only reveals her secret after being called a child by Mrs. Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-82251955914048353662020-01-13T04:17:00.001-08:002020-01-13T04:17:07.089-08:00Cost Club Week EssayThe issues against discharging an employee with any reason can be very harmful to any business. This opens the door for a lawsuit to any organization because, an ex-employee could file a lawsuit against the employer for alleging that they had been discharged wrongfully. The civil right law act in 1964 provides protection to the employees against wrongfully discharge. This describe that companies cannot terminate their employees basis of race, gender, skin, religion, color etc, (Employment law for business, 2007)â⬠.) For example, if their at-will relationship exists between the employee and employer this does not mean that employer may terminate the employee, in a discriminatory manner. This mean the organization has to follow the legal principles before discharging their employee. There are so many laws that protect the individuals even though we are an, at- will state. The Federal anti-discrimination law prevents employees from wrongful discharge by the employer (Lawson, 1998)â⬠. This scenario does not say that the employees were not let go due to the basis of any reason. This lawsuit against the organization for wrongful discharge could be very risky for the Cost Club since there were no reasons for terminating their employees. Reduction in Employee Costs There are many ways to reduce company cost. One thing a company can do is to outsource their HR. This will help reduce the cost of the employee benefitsà program by bring in an outside company like GNA Partners. The GNA Partners have many ways to save the company money but, may bring cost to the workers. The GNA Partners provide negotiation insurance rates, which the plan cost are determined by what age group the employees fall into. Next the company can choose higher deductible plans, which this reduces, the cost of benefits plan. â⬠¢ The business can offer robust benefits package by making their employees contribute. â⬠¢ Using different types of workers like temporary workers, contract employee, part-time employees, employees and, non-employees work hours. These job types can be helpful to accomplish the seasonal demand of the organizations plus can cause the increase within the organizational performance. The organization knows all different categories of workers who can hire to save money for definite and indefinite period. Organization understands that temporary workers directly reports to the employer and receive their reimbursement from the company. When a company hires a contract employee, temporary and, part-time employee they know that they do not have to pay this employee benefits or high rates. Like vacation, sick, and part-time workers are usually define a workers, who have shorter working hours other fulltime workers. The rules, policies and, procedures for the part-time employee are not the same as the regular employees but quite different from the temporary workersâ⬠(Part Time and Temporary Employees, 2009). According to ââ¬Å"Bennett-Alexander, & Hartman, ââ¬Å"by hiring independent contractors, the cost of overtime is eliminated (the federal wage and hour laws do not apply to independent contractors) and the employer is able to avoid any work-related expenses, s uch as tools, training, or traveling. The employer is also guaranteed satisfactory performance of the job for which the contractor was hired because it is the contractorââ¬â¢s contractual obligation to adequately perform the contract with the employer, while the employee is generally able to quit without incurring liability (Employment law for business, 2007)â⬠. For example, the company manage is an employees work who sets an employeeââ¬â¢s schedule, along with deciding the method the employee uses to perform their work. An independent contractor is a person who provides particular services to an organization. Whether it be a short or long-term assignment. This is very effective low cost and saving the companying money because; temporary, contract or part-time employment arrangements provides several benefits to any business. Injury and Damages According to Tort Law, the Cost Club will be liable for the misconduct of employees with the customers. Tort laws are laws that offer remedies to individuals harmed by the unreasonable actions of others. Tort claims usually involve state law and are based on the legal premise that individuals are liable for the consequences of their conduct if it results in injury to others (McCarthy & Cambron-McCabe, 1992). Tort laws involve civil suits, which are actions brought to protect an individualââ¬â¢s private rights. The second situation, the employee is liable for physical harm to the customersââ¬â¢ property. Therefore, the company who hires the employee will be held liable for their employees negligent. The last situation, the business will not be liable for the acts of a real estate agent, because, the real estate agent is not controlled by the business. Therefore, the Cost Club should let their customers know they, are not responsible or that the real estate agent is an independent and organization contractors and that they have no control on his or her activities so, Cost Club will not be liable for the tort of him or her (Tort Liability Basics: Strict, Vicarious, and Joint Liability, 1999). Resolving Disagreement Processes Resolving disagreement between company and its employees, the can â⬠¢ Set up a subject boxà â⬠¢ Have a meeting once a week with the manager, and employees to discuss the problem that may arise between co-workers and managers. â⬠¢ Includes third party as the mediator between employees and company. â⬠¢ Grievance procedure, corporate due process, mediation etc., â⬠¢ Clear as the formal complaint by the employees that they are behaved wrongly by the management decisions (Open door policy) These steps can be very effective to resolve between most companiesââ¬â¢ problem. Which, if not settled could cause a big problem like violation of law, and just a perception of unfair treatment by the employees and managers. This method has to be effective in order to achieve long-term success and to facilitate and to accommodate between the employees and the company. Employment Law Concepts for Selection Employment law concepts for selection would include several legal implications. According to Bennett-Alexander, & Hartman, ââ¬Å"the Civil Rightsà Act 1964 prohibits the employers from discrimination among the potential employees on the basis of race, gender, color, region etc. in its recruitment and selection process. The next step is once the employee is hired, the company should make sure they follow steps are, training, appraising, compensating, and implementing employment decisions that determine such things as promotions, transfers, and layoffsâ⬠The selection procedure should also be job related and concern with the business necessity. The company should always follow the State HR Laws, and all the employees should be treated fairly and equally (Employment Tests and Selection Procedures, 2008). The Age Discrimination in Employment Act should also be considered in the selection procedure by the management. Reference: Beatty, J.F. & Samuelson, S.S. (2009). Introduction to Business Law (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Bennett-Alexander, D. D. & Hartman, P. L. (2007). Employment law for business (5th ed.). New York: McGrawââ¬âHill. Retrieved October 29, 2012 from University of Phoenix, rEsource. Part Time and Temporary Employees. (2009). Retrieved October 29, 2012 from http://employment.findlaw.com/employment/employment-employee-overview/employment- Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-55886123441345050712020-01-05T00:41:00.001-08:002020-01-05T00:41:03.841-08:00Sadomasochistic Relationship Dynamics In Jane Eyre Alyssa Carlson-Romero 24 September 2017 ENGL 418 Sadomasochistic Relationship Dynamics in Jane Eyre ââ¬Å"I had often been unwilling to look at my master, because I feared he could not be pleased at my lookâ⬠(Bronte 276) states Jane Eyre the morning after her engagement to Mr. Rochester or, more appropriately, her ââ¬Å"master.â⬠The very fact that Jane consistently calls Rochester ââ¬Å"masterâ⬠is frequently a troublesome one; for is Jane Eyre truly a feminist, or at least an autonomous female protagonist, if she refers to the man she loves as such? Given the rest of the text, yes. Janeââ¬â¢s simultaneous independence and desperation for affection characterize her as at odds, with her own combating emotions, and the strictness of polite English society,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This imagery is overtly sadomasochistic, and one that both feel describe their desires for each other accurately. Jane, therefore, is truly a free human being, as she knows that she can leave Rochester at any time, and a sexual being, whom finds pleasure in the overbearing desires of her master. She more overtly expresses her own interest in such masochistic desires after she has agreed with Mrs. Fairfax to keep Rochester at bay physically: ââ¬Å"For caresses, too, I now got grimaces; for a pressure of the hand, a pinch on the arm; for a kiss on the cheek, a severe tweak of the ear, It was all right; at present I decidedly preferred these fierce favors to anything more tenderâ⬠(295). This quote demonstrates that Jane prefers painful pleasure over gentle caresses, at least at this time, and Rochester is not simply a master, but rather ââ¬Å"her master,â⬠as belonging to her in mutually pleasurable relationship. There are hints, however, at Janeââ¬â¢s growing dissatisfaction with controlling her relationships through the veil of submissive acceptance. Rochester states, ââ¬Å"I consent to be Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-27494519225562344572019-12-27T21:05:00.001-08:002019-12-27T21:05:03.403-08:00Women Obtaining Freedom in Novels, Yellow Wallpaper and... Since the beginning of time women have been considered the inferior sex. Woman have been stereotyped as housewives and mothers. Woman today donââ¬â¢t suffer the injustices that the generations of woman before us have. Today we are equals, working alongside men. We are no longer trapped in the house cooking, cleaning and tending to the children. The female main characters in both the Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour both feel trapped and controlled, but deal with deal with their situations and obtained their freedom very differently. In both stories the womens husbands had control over their lives. In The Yellow Wallpaper the narrators husband, John, controlled her both mentally and physically. She is for the most part imprisoned in her bedroom, only allowing her to rest and recover her health. She does not have a say in which room or dà ©cor of the room that she is forced to spend almost every moment in. Also, visitors are of course not allowed. Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour had to deal with the same sort of situation of feeling trapped by her Husband. Her husband had control over her body and soul. She felt that he lived her life for her There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination (Chopin). ThisShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words à |à 1186 P ages Forecasting Final Project Cost 472 Other Control Issues 475 Scope Creep 475 Baseline Changes 477 The Costs and Problems of Data Acquisition 478 Summary 479 Appendix 13.1: The Application of Additional Earned Value Rules 495 Appendix 13.2: Obtaining Project Performance Information from MS Project 501 Selection and Training for International Projects 555 Summary 558 Chapter 14 Project Closure 504 Chapter 16 Oversight 564 Project Oversight 511 565 566 Importance of Oversight to theRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words à |à 696 Pagesmarketing partners, in order to earn and retain their business. A) Integrated B) Demand-based C) Direct D) Relationship E) Internal Answer: D Page Ref: 20 Objective: 4 Difficulty: Easy 64) Tracys is a chain of hair dressing salons for women. They use the television, magazines, radio, and newspapers to advertise their services. 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CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-87559838391846078742019-12-19T16:53:00.001-08:002019-12-19T16:53:03.773-08:00No Perfect Form of Government Essay - 2014 Words The struggle to create the perfect government has been prevalent throughout human history, and has resulted in significant turbulence and bloodshed for mankind. Despite thousands of years of progress, the challenge to find the ideal government was still prevalent during the Enlightenment period. During the 18th century, numerous philosophers developed various new ideas about how the ideal government should perform its duties. Philosophers like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, for example, conceived the idea of a government in which the majority rules through a system of democracy. A bloody conflict finally brought some of these ideas into practice. From the American Revolution, the United States was born, and its foundations wereâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦One of his greatest works, the Declaration of Independence, epitomizes this responsibility. Jefferson thought that government should establish ââ¬Å"its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happinessâ⬠(Jefferson 1). Despite Jeffersons idea of the perfect government, however, the modern government of the United States is still far from effectively establishing the ââ¬Å"safety and happinessâ⬠for its people as described in this passage. For example, although the government has attempted to eradicate it in the past, a large portion of the population still lives on the edge of poverty. The director of a prominent project on poverty at Penn State University describes this situation: ââ¬Å"The more complex reality, she said, is that a large swath of the population is barely getting by, making too much to qualify for public assistance but not enough to cover all their expenses. They may not have not crossed the threshold into poverty, but they live on its doorstepâ⬠(Bensen). The inability of the government to provide public assistance to people living on the edge of poverty stems from the fact that excessive tax increases are required to do so. Thus, the goal of providing full security to citizens comes at a price. The recently proposed health care legislation has been characterized by its opponents as unfair because it would raise taxes for many Americans for the benefit of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Nature and the Opposing Forces That Redeem It1090 Words à |à 5 Pagesprovide priceless insight into the spirits of both human government and human nature. 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During the height of its success, Athens exemplifies a political paradigm for other societies to imitate. Both Plato and Thucydides argue democracy is the best attainable form of politics for a society. In Thucydidesââ¬â¢ Funeral Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-1571116166741046162019-12-11T13:36:00.001-08:002019-12-11T13:36:02.791-08:00Edgar Allan Poe Literary History Essay Example For Students Edgar Allan Poe Literary History Essay Numerous writers have made great contributions to the broad-spectrum of literature. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, also known as Mark Twain, introduced Americans to life on the Mississippi. Thomas Hardy wrote on his pessimistic perspectives of the Victorian Age. Another author that influenced literature tremendously is Edgar Allan Poe. Best known as the father of the American short story and father of the detective story. Poe immersed reader into a world of imagination and horrendous ecstasy. Poe was great in three different fields, and in each one he made a reputation that would give any man a high place in literary history. Poe wrote great short stories, famous not only in his own country, but all over the world (Robinson V). Hawthorne, Irving, Balzac, Bierce, Crane, Hemingway and other writers have given us memorable short stories; but none has produced so great a number of famous and unforgettable examples, so many tales that continue, despite changing standards to be read and reprint ed again and again throughout the world (Targ VII). Poe was the father of the modern short story, and the modern detective story (Targ VII). With the possible exception of Guy de Maupassant, no other writer is so universally known and esteemed for so large of a corpus of excellent tales as in Edgar Allan Poe (Targ VII). In 1831, Poe published a new collection of his poems entitled, Poems. Afterwards, he went to New York, but could find no work there. Eventually he took sanctuary with his aunt, Mrs. Clemm, in Baltimore. There he decided to find work and make a living by writing. Due to the lack attention and critic appraise with his poems, he decided to start writing short stories. Poe competed in a contest for the best short story in 1831. Because of his loss, Poe started on a motivated project. He decided to plan a series of stories told by members of a literary cluster. He found no publisher for his stories, and entered the contest again in June of 1835. This time he sent one poem and six stories (Asselineau 411). His story, Ms. Found in a Bottle, won, and he received one hundred dollars for it (Targ IX). Through the influence of one of the judges, John P. Kennedy, Poe became employed as an editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, published in Richmond (Asselineau 411). Under Poes editorship, th e Messenger s circulation rose from 500 to 3500. Poe then went to New York, where he was unsuccessful. In the summer of 1838, he moved to Philadelphia. While in Philadelphia, he worked as the editor of both Burtons Gentlemans Magazine and Grahams Magazine (Asselineau 412). Even though he won a one hundred dollar prize for The Gold Bug (Robinson VI), he moved to New York. Poe found a job in New York as an assistant editor for the Evening Mirror. This was where The Raven first appeared on January 29, 1845. The poem immediately caught the imagination of the public and was reprinted all over the country and even abroad in all kinds of newspapers and magazines, but Poe pocketed only a few dollars for his poems (Asselineau 413). The year of 1845 was a lucky year for Poe. He published a collection of his tales and an edition of his poems named The Raven and Other Poems. He also became the editor of the weekly Broadway Journal. In 1849, Poe died in Baltimore (Targ IX). Instead of really living, he took refuge from the physical world in the private world of his dreams-in other words-in the world of his tales (Asselineau 413). .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb , .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .postImageUrl , .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb , .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb:hover , .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb:visited , .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb:active { border:0!important; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb:active , .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3658c5a93f3b4dadb1675f6daf2208cb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Knowingly Transmitting AIDS EssayIn the Masque of the Red Death, Poe uses his imagination throughout the story (Rogers 43). An epidemic has overwhelmed the entire country, killing numerous people. One by one they die until no one else remains. Death is king of all (Rogers 41). The horror abysmal darkness, and absolute helplessness befalling the victims are described with vivid accuracy in tales such as The Fall of the House of Usher, The Cask of Amontillado, and The Premature Burial (Perry XI-XII). In The Fall of the House of Usher, the narrator visits his insane friend, Roderick Usher. Ushers house is huge and gloomy (Rogers 20). English Essays Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-62323141431079545002019-12-04T01:18:00.001-08:002019-12-04T01:18:04.187-08:00Polygyny Essays - Marriage, Sexual Fidelity, Mating Systems Polygyny A Cross Cultural Perspective of Polygyny As an institution, polygyny, the social arrangement that permits a man to have more than one wife at the same time, exists in all parts of the world. From our present knowledge, there are very few primitive tribes in which a man is not allowed to enter into more than one union. In fact, ethologists now believe that only one to two percent of all species may be monogamous (Tucker). None of the simian species are strictly monogamous; our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, practice a form of group marriage. Among the 849 human societies examined by the anthropologist Murdock (1957), 75% practiced polygyny. Many peoples have been said to be monogamous, but it is difficult to infer from the data at our disposal whether monogamy is the prevalent practice, the moral ideal, or an institution safeguarded by sanctions (Malinowski 1962). Historically, polygyny was a feature of the ancient Hebrews, the traditional Chinese, and the nineteenth-century Mormons in the United States, but the modern practice of polygyny is concentrated in Africa, the Middle East, India, Thailand, and Indonesia. The extent to which men are able to acquire multiple wives depends on many factors, including the economic prosperity of the man's family, the prevailing bride price, the differential availability of marriageable females, the need and desire for additional offspring, and the availability of productive roles for subsequent wives. Even in societies that permit polygyny, the conditions of life for the masses make monogamy the most common form of marriage. The two variations of polygyny are sororal (the cowives are sisters) and nonsororal (the cowives are not sisters). Some societies also observe the custom of levirate, making it compulsory for a man to marry his brother's widow. It must be remembered that any form of polygyny is never practiced throughout the entire community: there cannot exist a community in which every man would have several wives because this would entail a huge surplus of females over males (Malinowski 1962). Another important point is that in reality it is not so much a form of marriage fundamentally distinct from monogamy as rather a multiple monogamy. It is always in fact the repetition of marriage contract, entered individually with each wife, establishing an individual relationship between the man and each of his consorts (Benson 1971). Where each wife has her separate household and the husband visits them in turn, polygynous marriage resembles very closely a temporarily interrupted monogamy. In such cases, there is a series of individual marriages in which domestic arrangements, economics, parenthood, as well as legal and religious elements do not seriously encroach on each other. The polygyny with separate households is more universally prevalent. Among the great majority of the Bantu and Hamitic peoples of Africa, where the number of wives, especially in the case of chiefs, is often considerable, each wife commonly occupies a separate hut with her children, and manages an independent household with well-defined legal and economic rights (Pasternak 1976). Where, on the other hand, as among many N. American tribes, two or more wives share the same household, polygyny affects the institution of matrimonial life much more deeply. Unlike wives in many other African groups who live in their own huts, Ijaw wives have apartments within one large structure and our brought into much more frequent contact with their co-wives (Rosaldo 1974). Various theories have been advanced to explain the cultural endorsement of polygyny. One of the earliest explanations was based on the notion that men have a greater disposition for variety in sexual partners than do women (Tucker). Many ethologists believe that there is a sociobiological imperative for men to have as many sexual partners as possible (Sayers). While this theory is of historical interest, there exists no empirical support for the greater sex drive of the male, nor is there any reason to expect the male sex drive to vary from one culture to another. Women are just as naturally interested in sex, perhaps even more so. Women can be multi- orgasmic and have a much broader range of sexual stimulation than men. Non-monogamy is reproductively savvy for males in order to spread their genes, and for females in order to improve the hardiness and genetic variety of their offspring (Benson). It has also been suggested that polygyny as a marriage form evolved in response to lengthy postpartum sex taboos because polygyny provides a legitimate sexual outlet for the husband during this period of taboo (Whiting). Whiting discovered that societies dependent on root and tree crops (presumably low protein societies) are more Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-10305867310687376722019-11-27T21:18:00.001-08:002019-11-27T21:18:04.793-08:00Small Towns vs. Big Cities free essay sample You can go off of your back porch and see for miles, there are not any high rise apartments of fifty story buildings blocking your way. You can always find a creek to go skip rocks off of, and you will not have to drive very far for that matter. You can also breathe in small towns. You can take in deep breathes of air without getting choked up on smog or rancid exhaust emissions. Small towns may not have all of the amenities to offer someone as much as a large city would, but if you are humble you can go to the great internet and have it at your door on the next business day. Small towns also have the family owned grocery stores. They do not try to swindle anyone out of their money, and most of them know your first name and will stop and talk to you. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Towns vs. Big Cities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact in a small town you often know everyoneââ¬â¢s name and what they have been up to, good or bad, and can sit and have a peaceful conversation with them. In small towns you can always see the same old men sitting eating breakfast and drinking coffee at the local diner every morning. You can see people actually working in the field to put food on the table for their families. See them doing the ten dollar jobs that are precious in small towns but get laughed at by city folk. Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-29146723262638565362019-11-24T04:53:00.001-08:002019-11-24T04:53:05.440-08:00What Is NATO A Short IntroductionWhat Is NATO A Short Introduction SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If youââ¬â¢re thinking about taking the AP U.S. History or AP World History exams, itââ¬â¢s important that you have a good understanding of the major events and organizations that have shaped the nation- and the world. One critical topic that you should know about is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. If youââ¬â¢ve watched the news (or listened in history class!), youââ¬â¢ve probably heard the term NATO mentioned quite a bit. But what is NATO, exactly? And why is NATO important? In this short but sweet guide, weââ¬â¢ll give you all the need-to-know information about NATO, like NATOââ¬â¢s definition, an overview of NATO history, and a look into how NATO works today. Weââ¬â¢ll also give you a short list of additional resources that you can check out for evenmoreinformation. So letââ¬â¢s get started! What Is NATO: Definition and Overview So what is NATO, exactly? The general purpose of NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, starts with NATOââ¬â¢s definition: NATO a multi-national political and military alliance dedicated to the collective security and defense of its member nations. NATO operates on the belief that a strong international alliance is critical to maintaining peace. Beyond helping member nations with issues of security and stability, NATO also provides support to the United Nations help with international peacekeeping operations, including missions that combat terrorism, protect civilians, and promote world peace. Originally founded on April 4th, 1949 when its 12 founding members signed the North Atlantic Treaty, NATO is now comprised of 29 members from around the world and has political partnerships with 21 other nations. Together, all of the NATO countries work together to ââ¬Å"guarantee the freedom and securityâ⬠of its member nations through a combination of international diplomacy, conflict prevention, and- if necessary- military intervention. This picture was taken outside of NATO's second headquarters in Paris, France in the 1950s A Glimpse Into NATO History: NATOââ¬â¢s Formation To fully answer the question ââ¬Å"What is NATO?â⬠, itââ¬â¢s important to understand the historical and political context behind NATOââ¬â¢s formation. The End of World War II and the Rise of the American Superpower World War II was perhaps the most defining moment of the 20th century. The Second World War pitted the worldââ¬â¢s greatest powers against one another through two opposing military alliances: the Axis and the Allies. The United States- along with France, Poland, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and 21 other nations- banded together to fight against the Axis powers and Hitlerââ¬â¢s plan to create a new world order. The war, which started on September 1, 1939, would rage for six long and bloody years before its conclusion on September 2, 1945. Historians estimate that the war resulted in 85 million casualties, including the 6 million Jews who were killed during the Holocaust. The end of World War II caused the global political winds to shift overnight. Most of Europe, which was already struggling after World War I, ended World War II economically devastated. Not only was the population decimated, 70 percent of Europeââ¬â¢s industrial infrastructure had been destroyed during the conflict. This caused Europeââ¬â¢s economy- including the economies of the worldââ¬â¢s biggest political empires- to collapse. As a result, the United States suddenly found itself positioned as one of the worldââ¬â¢s leading economic and political superpowers for three major reasons. First, the countryââ¬â¢s late entry into the theater limited World War IIââ¬â¢s economic toll. In fact, quite the opposite happened. Because the United States supplied the Allied forces with food, weapons, and military equipment, World War II created a booming wartime economy for the States. The Second World War was such a boon to the American economy that it actually ended the Great Depression! Second, the United States saw almost no action on its own soil (with the exception of the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941). That meant that America didnââ¬â¢t have to undertake the massive, and expensive, rebuilding effort of its Western European allies. Third, and perhaps most importantly, the United States bankrolled the reconstruction of Europe...for a profit, of course. American Corporations involved in the war effort saw ballooning profits because of the reconstruction efforts, which were bolstered by The 1946 Marshall Plan, which pledged an additional $13 billion dollars to Europe in aid. So while the United States was committed to helping their fellow Allied powers rebuild, it wasnââ¬â¢t afraid to build its own economy at the same time. The Soviet Union, the Cold War, and Communism But the United States wasnââ¬â¢t the only emerging world power after the Second World War. Despite fighting alongside one another during World War II, the alliance between the Soviet Union (or USSR) and the United States started to deteriorate during the post-war reconstruction period. As World War II began winding down, the communist Soviet Union- led by Joseph Stalin- began its own imperialist expansion. The Soviet Union had managed the eastern front of the World War II battle theater, and as the Red Army beat back Germany, set up its own occupation of formerly German-occupied states like Poland and Czechoslovakia. And rather than relinquish these nations at the close of the war, the Soviet Union maintained control and installed pro-communist regimes. The Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, along with the USSRââ¬â¢s blockade of West Berlin in an attempt to gain political control of post-war Germany, convinced the United States that the Soviet Union had become a threat to democracy on par with the now-defeated Nazi Germany. Thus, the U.S. government adopted a policy of containment in order to halt the spread of communism into Western Europe. Additionally, the U.S. revealed the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which was a foreign policy that promised American aid to any democratic country that was threatened by outside totalitarian regimes. While the United States and its allies started to view the Soviet Union as an emerging communist threat, the Soviets had also soured on their alliance with the West. The USSR had suffered catastrophic casualties during World War II. The country had lost 11 million soldiers and suffered between 7 million and 20 million civilian casualties. The Soviet economy was also struggling. Beyond spending $125 billion on wartime efforts, the USSRââ¬â¢s economy had simultaneously shrunk by 20 percent between 1941 and 1945. The USSR had sacrificed both manpower and resources to defeat Nazi Germany, and it was sorely in need of financial assistance during post-war reconstruction. The United States was willing to offer the Soviets financial aid under The Marshall Plan, but the USSR wasnââ¬â¢t happy with the stipulations. First, the plan offered aid to Germany, which Russia disagreed with. The USSR, which now occupied Eastern Germany, wanted total control over whatever funds Germany received as part of The Marshall Plan. Second, The Marshall Plan required countries that accepted aid to adopt elements of democratic governance, including instituting principles of a free market economy. Stalin suspected- and rightly so- that The Marshall Plan was designed to weaken the USSRââ¬â¢s hold on the newly-acquired Eastern Bloc countries and, in turn, stymie communist expansion. As a consequence, Stalin required the Eastern Bloc nations, which were devastated by the war, to reject The Marshall Plan and instead instituted The Molotov Plan, which pledged to rebuild Eastern Europe. This tension led to both sides drawing a line in the sand. The Soviets and the United States positioned themselves on opposite sides of an ideological battle between communism and democracy, which marked the beginning of The Cold War. This is the NATO Authentication certificate that allsignatoriesreceivedafter signing the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949.Archive/U.S. Diplomacy Center Signing the North Atlantic Treaty The writing was on the wall: the Allied powers had defeated one totalitarian enemy only to suspect that another in the form of Soviet Russia was waiting on their doorstep. The United States feared the outbreak of another major war as tensions with the USSR escalated, and President Harry S. Truman believed that a strong political alliance was critical in containing the Soviet threat. As a result, Truman called for the formation of a defensive alliance of countries bordering the North Atlantic. The foundational idea behind this alliance was to serve as a deterrent against the USSRââ¬â¢s expansion into Western Europe. To do this, the signing nations agreed to a system of mutual defense. If one country was attacked by an outside power (like the USSR), it would be perceived as an attack against all of the allianceââ¬â¢s member nations. That would allow the United States to step in and help its democratic allies beat back a Soviet incursion, which in turn would prevent the encroachment of communism into Western Europe. This alliance was formalized with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. on April 4, 1949. These 12 originating countries, all of which were part of the Allied forces during World War II, created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. Master Sgt. Scott Wagers/Defense Department NATOââ¬â¢s Requirements for Membership In 1949, NATO limited its membership to 12 allied nations that shared a border with the Atlantic Ocean. But as the world became more connected politically and economically, NATO recognized the need to expand its membership. As of today, NATO membership is now open ââ¬Å"any other European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.â⬠As a result, NATO membership as more than doubled since the allianceââ¬â¢s inception and now includes 29 member nations. (You can find a complete list of member countries a little later in this article!) NATO has expanded over the past 70 years, but membership criteria remains strict. Admission into NATO is outlined in Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty. Hereââ¬â¢s what it says: The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession. Article 10 puts three stipulations on aspiring member states. First, new members must agree to all the elements of the North Atlantic Treaty, including its commitment to democracy and collective defense. Second, only European states can become members. And third, in order to join an aspiring nation must meet all the criteria set forth by current member states, which is summarized in a Membership Action Plan (MAP). NATOââ¬â¢s Membership Action Plan The MAP is the backbone of NATOââ¬â¢s admissions process and while itââ¬â¢s customized to fit each potential country, the MAP also requires each applying nation to report on its progress in each of five areas each year (until admission is granted or denied). These five areas are: Democracy: Willingness to settle international, ethnic or external territorial disputes by peaceful means, commitment to the rule of law and human rights, and democratic control of armed forces Finances: Ability to contribute to the organization's defense and missions Cooperation: Devotion of sufficient resources to armed forces to be able to meet the commitments of membership Security: Security of sensitive information, and safeguards ensuring it Compatibility: Compatibility of domestic legislation with NATO cooperation In addition to these general areas, each member nation is allowed to present additional criteria member nations must meet to gain admission. That means that each MAP is tailor-fit to each applying country; no two membership plans are alike! When a country receives a MAP, NATO provides feedback and advice to petitioning countries and evaluates their progress after their annual presentation. Once a country has met all the admissions criteria outlined in its MAP, NATO gives it an invitation to begin accession talks. NATO is selective about countries it gives a MAP to; in fact, countries must be nominated for admission into NATO by a current member nation before a MAP is ever considered! As of 2019, two countries- Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia- have a Membership Action Plan in place. Beyond being selective, NATOââ¬â¢s admissions process is a long one. How long, exactly? The three countries most recently admitted into NATO (Albania, Croatia, and Montenegro) took seven to eight years to complete their Membership Action Plans! Colin Watts/Unsplash Funding NATO Since NATO is a collective, each member nation is expected to contribute to the alliance financially. There are two ways member nations do this: through indirect and direct contributions. Indirect Contributions These are the largest pool of contributions and come when member countries volunteer resources to help NATO enact a policy or support a mission. For example, an indirect contribution would be a country contributing troops, equipment, or supplies to support one of NATOââ¬â¢s crisis management missions. Additionally, the country- not NATO- bears the cost for this donation. (In other words, countries donate these things at their own expense!) Direct Contributions Unlike indirect contributions, direct contributions are made financially. In other words, these are liquid funds that are used to support projects that benefit all member nations collectively. Each member nation is required to meet some form of its funding requirements through direct contributions. This is because there are some missions, like diplomatic or aid endeavors, that are best handled through immediate spending. How Much Do Countries Donate? So, how much is each country expected to pay into the collective NATO pool? Well, that depends. NATO uses a cost-sharing formula that accounts for each nationââ¬â¢s Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. This is calculated by percentage. In 2014, in an effort to increase NATOââ¬â¢s defense efforts, the NAC agreed to require each country to donate two percent of their GDP to NATOââ¬â¢s operating budget through indirect and direct contributions. This helps keep things fair. If NATO set a specific dollar amount that each country had to meet, smaller countries might struggle to meet their financial obligations. This way, each country can contribute based on how their economy is performing, which helps keep the financial burden of NATO membership equal. European NATO member nations are in navy blue Current NATO Member Nations NATO was originally founded by twelve nations that shared borders with the Atlantic Ocean, NATO membership has grown to include 29 nations from all around the world. Hereââ¬â¢s a list of every nation currently in NATO along with their entrance date. (Weââ¬â¢ve bolded the names of the founding 12 nations for easy reference, too.) Albania (2009) Greece (1952) Poland (1999) Belgium (1949) Hungary (1999) Portugal (1949) Bulgaria (2004) Iceland (1949) Romania (2004) Canada (1949) Italy (1949) Slovakia (2004) Croatia (1949) Latvia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Czech Republic (1999) Lithuania (2004) Spain (1982) Denmark (1949) Luxembourg (1949) Turkey (1952) Estonia (2004) Montenegro (2017) The United Kingdom (1949) France (1949) Netherlands (1949) The United States (1949) Germany (1955) Norway (1949) NATO's official flag NATOââ¬â¢s Purpose Today Although NATO was formed as a deterrent for the USSRââ¬â¢s expansion and the spread of communism, NATO didnââ¬â¢t disband when the USSR collapsed in 1991. Instead, NATO continues to fulfill the NATO definition of defending its members and supporting democracy to this day. In a 2010 Strategic Concept agreement, NATO states its three core tasks as collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. These three goals form the backbone of NATO and steer its decisions. In the next section, weââ¬â¢ll take a look at each of these three pillars more closely. Collective Defense First and foremost, NATO serves as a defensive alliance founded on upholding democratic values and principles. Its primary purpose is creating a network of collective defense, which means that member nations work together to ensure that all countries in the alliance are secure from outside threats. NATO does this by sharing knowledge, financial, and personnel resources with member nations. This includes sharing intelligence, but it also involves more practical tactics like bringing countriesââ¬â¢ military technology up to date. While NATOââ¬â¢s first goal is to resolve international conflicts diplomatically, the alliance is also set up to use military force to defend allied nations when necessary. This aspect of collective defense (also known as NATOââ¬â¢s Article 5) and was the major reason NATO was founded in 1949. This principle states that if one nation is attacked by an outside force, the alliance will view it as an attack on every member nation. In other words, attacking one member of NATO means that all the countries in the alliance will respond. This allows bigger, more powerful countries in the alliance to protect its smaller NATO allies. In turn, smaller nations give NATO better tactical positioning in relationship to potentially adversarial global powers (like Russia and China). By essentially surrounding potential adversaries with allied nations, NATO disincentivises territorial expansion. Crisis Management Because NATO is committed to maintaining global peace by promoting security, the organization is also committed to responding to global crises before, during, and after they arise. This includes a mix of military and non-military tactics which are tailored to each crisis, which in turn dictates the scope and scale of NATOââ¬â¢s response. NATO is also positioned to help other political allies, like the United Nations, in their responses to global crises. Most recently, NATO implemented the UNââ¬â¢s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during its civil war. Finally, because crisis management supports NATOââ¬â¢s commitment to security, NATO helps its member nations and political allies train in crisis management techniques. This ensures that NATO can respond quickly with an international effort whenever an international crisis arises. Cooperative Security NATOââ¬â¢s last, and newest, core task is cooperative security. Introduced in 2010, this task focuses on creating an extended network of cooperation between member and non-member countries to tackle global problems quickly and efficiently. To do this, NATO focuses on strengthening its relationships with partner nations. These are countries who arenââ¬â¢t part of NATO but work with NATO to tackle security problems in their region and across the world. As of 2019, NATO works with 40 other nations in some capacity. The goal of these partnerships is to share information, knowledge, and other resources in order to create more stability and security across the globe. Additionally, NATO makes sure that all of its member nations have fairly equal military and technological capabilities. This also includes training: all member nations have access to NATO trainers to make sure countries have the knowledge and skills they need to respond to security threats. By making sure all member nations are capable partners, NATO as a whole becomes stronger. A meeting of the North Atlantic Council in 2010Wikimedia NATOââ¬â¢s Command Structure NATO nations are committed to working together as part of the alliance and work together on a daily basis. In terms of the allianceââ¬â¢s operational structure, NATO is split into two major categories: the NATO diplomatic delegations and the military representatives. Letââ¬â¢s take a closer look at both to see how NATO nations work together to make decisions and work together toward their common goals. NATO Diplomatic Delegations and the North Atlantic Council The diplomatic delegations represent the political arm of NATO. Each NATO member nation sends a delegation to represent their country to NATOââ¬â¢s headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. These representatives attend around 6,000 meetings a year! The most important element of NATOââ¬â¢s political arm is the North Atlantic Council, or the NAC. This council oversees the political and military processes that affect the alliance. To this end, the NAC serves as the political decision-making body of NATO. In other words, any NATO decision- whether thatââ¬â¢s an initiative, resolution, or military action- is voted on by the NAC. To keep representation equal, each member nation has one seat on the NAC, which meets once a week. And just like collective defense, the NAC operates through collective decision making. Unlike the U.S. legislature, where decisions are approved by majority vote, the NAC only implements policies that are ââ¬Å"agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord.â⬠In other words, the NAC makes decisions through consensus, and those decisions represent the will of every member country on the council. The diplomatic branch of NATO has one other notable subcommittee called the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). Like the NAC, every NATO member nation (with the exception of France, which decided not to participate) has representation within the committee whether they have nuclear capabilities or not. The groupââ¬â¢s goal is to monitor nuclear forces around the globe while shaping NATOââ¬â¢s own nuclear policies in regards to arms control and nuclear proliferation. Thus, the NPG deals specifically with nuclear issues and reports to the NAC, who makes the final decision on anything the Nuclear Planning Group puts forward. The NATO Military Committee delivers remarks to the press Dominique A. Piniero/U.S. Department of Defense Military Representatives and the Military Committee Because NATO is a defense alliance, NATO has a military branch of operation, too. This branch is comprised of three operational groups: the Military Committee (MC), Allied Command Operations (ACO), and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). Letââ¬â¢s take a look at all three groups and their unique responsibilities. The Military Committee This committee advises the NAC on military policy and strategy and is charged with enacting all of NACââ¬â¢s military-based decisions. Its main job is to oversee NATOââ¬â¢s military operations and translate the NACââ¬â¢s decisions into military direction. Similar to the NAC, each nation has one representative that sits on the Military Committee. These seats are held by each member stateââ¬â¢s Chief of Defense (or their proxy) and meet at least once a week to discuss ongoing operations and ongoing security concerns. Additionally, the Military Committee oversees the other two groups of the military branch: Allied Command Operations and Allied Command Transformation. Allied Command Operations NATOââ¬â¢s ACO is headquartered in Mons, Belgium at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), and itââ¬â¢s run by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). The ACO is responsible for the planning and execution of all Alliance operations and reports to the Military Committee. So once the NAC decides to use military force for crisis management, the control of the operation is turned over to the ACO, which runs the operation from beginning to end. To do this, ACO has three overlapping operational levels: strategic, operational, and tactical. This allows ACO to run complete military operations, including the command of both NATO and joint military forces (which are military forces ââ¬Å"donatedâ⬠to NATO by member nations for use in NATO-sanctioned operations). But as the world changes, so has the ACOââ¬â¢s role in NATO. The newest responsibility of ACO was assigned by the North Atlantic Council in 2018. After their meeting in Brussels, the NAC decided to establish a Cyberspace Operations Centre dedicated to defending member nations against cyber attacks from outside forces, too. Allied Command Transformation NATOââ¬â¢s ACT is the second branch of military command in NATO and was formed in 2003 to help NATO address future threats. It is located in Norfolk, Virginia and is run by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, or SACT. Like the ACO, the SACT reports to the Military Committee and is responsible for making sure that ACT and NATO are preparing for modern and future threats to the security of its member nations. Put another way, the goal of ACT is to plan for the future. Its job is to lay the groundwork for NATOââ¬â¢s military forces to adapt quickly to changing threats and prepare for security issues looming on the horizon. This includes reporting to the Military Committee and advising them on current tactics and future problems. Additionally,ACT is charged with bringing all member nations up to speed in terms of their military capabilities. Not only do they provide training to member nationsââ¬â¢ military forces, they serve as a sort of lobby group to persuade member nationsââ¬â¢ governments to invest in security and military preparedness, too. A Spanish F-18 takes off on aNATO bombing run during the Bosnian War Dixie Trawick/U.S. National Archives Key Moments in NATO History Ever since its founding in 1949, NATO has been a key actor in global political, military, and peacekeeping efforts. Here are some of the most pivotal moments in NATOââ¬â¢s seventy-year history. 1991: Collapse of the USSR In 1991, the USSR officially disbanded, granting each of its formerly-sovereign nations back their independence. This brought NATOââ¬â¢s original operating mission (and The Cold War) to an end; after all, NATO was originally created to stop the USSR and the spread of communism. Instead of disbanding, NATO nations decided to continue NATOââ¬â¢s mission of promoting peace, freedom, and collective security. 1995: The Bosnian War The Bosnian War began in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia. As the situation deteriorated, the United Nations called for a no-fly zone to be set up over Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO stepped in to manage the operation on behalf of the UN and took its first military action when NATO shot down four Bosnian Serb aircraft that were violating the no-fly zone. 1999: Kosovo Intervention The Kosovo War began in 1998, and soon after the fighting began, reports began to trickle in about the displacement of more than 250,000 Albanians. The United Nations responded with a resolution calling for a ceasefire. When the resolution failed to stop the conflict, NATO issued an ââ¬Å"activation warning,â⬠which meant NATO was prepared to use military force to mitigate the conflict. When peace talks deteriorated, NATO launched an air campaign that included bombing of key targets. NATO also played a key role in negotiating the end of the war and helping restore stability by stationing 30,000 troops in Kosovo. 2001: September 11th, 2001 The terrorist attacks that brought down the Twin Towers in New York were the first foreign attack on U.S. soil since the bombing of Pearl Harbor during World War II. The attacks led NATO to invoke Article 5- which states that an attack on one ally is an attack on all- within 24 hours. In doing so, ââ¬Å"NATO members showed their solidarity toward the United States and condemned, in the strongest possible way, the terrorist attacks against the United States.â⬠2003: War in Afghanistan As a result of Article 5, NATO nations rallied to support the United Statesââ¬â¢ conflict in Afghanistan. NATO agreed to eight official actions/missions, which included the deployment of troops, military support, and supplies to the region. In 2003, NATO also agrees to take command of the ISAF, or International Security Assistance Force, in Afghanistan, which marks the first NATO crisis management mission outside of the North Atlantic region. 2011: Libya Intervention The Libyan Civil War begins when Libyan protests against their totalitarian government bubble over into a full-blown revolution. The United Nations called for a ceasefire and authorized military measures to protect Libyan civilians. NATO began enforcing the UNââ¬â¢s resolution in March 2011, which included creating a no-fly zone over the country and 9,500 air strikes. After the rebelââ¬â¢s victory, NATO agreed to provide training for the new Libyan government and consult on security issues. Mahendra Kumar/Unsplash Resources for Further Reading Want to learn even more about the Cold War and NATO history? Weââ¬â¢ve found four super helpful resources just for you! NATOââ¬â¢s Official Website NATOââ¬â¢s official website offers a thorough overview of NATOââ¬â¢s history along with its current policies, operations, and strategic missions. This is a great place to start if you want up-to-the-minute news about NATOââ¬â¢s current actions and international positions. (Donââ¬â¢t forget to check out NATOââ¬â¢s official Facebook, Youtube, and Twitter accounts, too.) It also has a fantastic chart that explains NATOââ¬â¢s operating structure! The U.S. State Departmentââ¬â¢s NATO Overview The U.S State Departmentââ¬â¢s overview of Americaââ¬â¢s involvement with NATO offers a more U.S. centered view on NATOââ¬â¢s formation, including the signing of the North American Treaty. For a short NATO history overview with a more American focus, this is a good place to start! Defense of the West by Stanley Sloan If youââ¬â¢re wanting a more comprehensive, in-depth look at the history of NATO from its formation to modern day, Stanley Sloanââ¬â¢s book should be your first stop. Sloan, a Senior Fellow in the Scowcroft Center at the Atlantic Council of the United States, dives into NATOââ¬â¢s definition, founding principles, and continued role on the world stage. He also discusses NATOââ¬â¢s future, especially as its member nations face new and complicated challenges to their security. Understanding NATO in the 21st Century edited by Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendler If you really want to dig deeper into NATOââ¬â¢s role in the 21st century, look no further than Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendlerââ¬â¢s book. This book compilesessays from many different academics and historians to give readers a better, more thorough sense of NATOââ¬â¢s current role in global politics and the current challenges facing the organization. This is definitely an academic book, but the essays offer interesting new insights into NATOââ¬â¢s evolving role on the global stage. Whatââ¬â¢s Next? NATO is just one pivotal part of modern history...and itââ¬â¢s just one topic you might find on an AP History exam. To get a better understanding of U.S. history, check out some of these books on our AP History Exam reading list. Of course, one of the best ways to learn more about U.S. history is to make sure youââ¬â¢re taking history classes. Most high schools offer a variety of history classes, so make sure youââ¬â¢re taking the right ones for you. AP exams arenââ¬â¢t the only specialized tests available for college-bound high school students hoping to earn some college credit. Did you know that the SAT offers subject exams, too? This article will teach you more about the SAT subject tests and help you decide whether you should take them. Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-88825171572592374102019-11-21T06:37:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:37:03.836-08:00Violent Video Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsViolent Video Games - Essay Example It is important to note that besides social networking sites, violence video games have the greatest following among the youth. However, critical consideration of the facts surrounding the act is important to establish ways of managing it so that the future society is saved of devastating socio-economic results. There is a raging debate on the issue of violence video games on the young minds but a lot of focus is evidently put on the negative side. It is important to carry out investigative research that explores the advantages as this equally provides measures of dealing with it. The young generation is subjected to unstable emotional behavior and most of their actions are rarely guided by logics (Kassin, et al. 97). They lack good understanding between reality and fiction which is important when it comes to dealing with the violence video games. This is an age bracket with a lot of energy where physical might and battle for social supremacy reigns and playing such violence video ga mes holds a lot of impact. In-depth analysis of merits and demerits of this popular entertainment is the best avenue to establish it effect on the structural and functional concept relating parents to children. There are observed advantages from the video games which have set its industry bursting with young clients. It is important that the positive side of such a game is also taken into consideration. It would be important to highlight such advantages. Violence video games improve the ability of an individual to concentrate. The mental engagement required while playing such games boosts the focus of the young people and this helps them to learn how to capture detail and master concepts in other social aspects of life like class work. There is a sense of accomplishment when the young people take the game. It is common to come across children saying how they enjoyed the game and this is a pathway to internal spirit of achieving goals in the society (Kassin, et al. 57). Most of the y oung people in the contemporary society have several issues to deal with due to the pressure of changing socio-economic and political environment. This means that they need some form of stress relief which such violence video game with the fantasies in them provide. Some of the content of the violence video games is composed of historical activities and this offers lessons to kids about some significant facts which sum up to sharpen their overall cognitive skills. Research indicates that cognitive ability of the young people improves as they engage their mental and physical efforts towards achieving specific goals. Language development is equally derived partially from the communication experienced by the players of such violence video games. Tactics of winning requires repeated trials by the young players and this boosts their overall learning process. The increasing exposure of the young children to such violence video games has several disadvantages to the society at large. The c ontent of the violence video games includes uncensored sexual acts which intoxicates the childrenââ¬â¢s morals and may affect their overall productivity in the society. There is an observed increase in childhood aggression which may outplay the emotional stability of the young people. This is worsened by increasing addiction which deepens the defilement of the young peopleââ¬â¢s mind and lack of concentration on more important issues (Kassin, et al. 37). Much time for learning especially homework and household chores Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-25966550664868507012019-11-20T07:08:00.001-08:002019-11-20T07:08:06.883-08:00Adapting to Changes and Situational Leadership AssignmentAdapting to Changes and Situational Leadership - Assignment Example The researcher further delivered some of the insinuations, findings and study limitations of integrated leadership roles in the public subdivision. One of the strengths presented in the article is increased morale due to better communication whereby the leader needs to constantly remain aware of the needs of his followers. Pauliene (2012) argues thatââ¬â¢s successful leaders should examine the ability of employees and communicate effectively. This can enable the leaders to lead the followers successfully; hence enabling them to perform their task effectively. Secondly, situational leaders should develop a positive and sizeable effect on the performance level of the federal agencies; hence achieving success (Fernandez, Cho and Perry, 2010). However, situation leadership creates confusion; thus it is likely to impact the work performance. Lastly, leaders might lose credibility and trustworthiness by their followers; hence poor work performance in the public sectors. One of the examples of that applies to situation leadership is an example of a director that was working in one the HR department in one of the clothes industry in U.S. The director was involved in a situation whereby he was about to leave for a holiday and his task was to be handled by an experienced assistant director. The assistant was very familiar with his responsibilities; thus he was excited to perform the task. However, instead, the director could trust the knowledge and skills of the assistant director; he decided to spend hours drafting a detailed list of work tasks for the assistant director. Therefore, in this situation, the work will be done perfectly, but the director damages a good relationship with the assistant director due to lack of trust and not being confidence towards the assistant director. Therefore, based on Hersey and Blanchard theories, the situation leadership applies to the above example of the director and his assistant. This is because situational leadership according to Hersey andà Blanchard focus on adapting managerial styles vital for meeting the distinct requirements in a given situation (Gong, Jia-Chi, and Jiing-Lih (2009).à Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-73022454444071118102019-11-17T20:36:00.001-08:002019-11-17T20:36:03.201-08:00Factors Influencing Supply and Demand of Food Research Paper - 1Factors Influencing Supply and Demand of Food - Research Paper Example It highlights the main reasons for some of these factors such as food scarcity, prices and volatility. Food scarcity is a significant issue affecting economies globally as they strive to maintain healthy communities. As population increases, pressure on arable land has mounted leading to reduced soil fertility and pasture for livestock production. Potential land for food production is no longer available for farming as a human settlement has continued to expand. FAO (2012) postulated that a 60% increase in food production will be required to sustain the global population by 2050. Many other forces are influencing the availability of food. Climate change and global warming have led to negative changes that have occurred in areas that formed part of the global food basket but no longer support farming as a result of reduced rainfall and desertification. Desertification in Africa, Asia and Southern Australia, arid areas of Spain, Northern and Southern America has caused significant food shortages. Poor farming methods, overgrazing and deforestation of vast areas have accelerated desertif ication to the current crisis leading to dire food shortage globally (Kendall & Pimentel, 2010). Among other dynamics, demand for food is influenced by socio-economic factors that influence peopleââ¬â¢s food habits. For example, improved incomes globally as more people are able to participate in gainful employment has increased the demand for expensive food such as fast foods and chicken that require more energy to produce compared to the conventional foods. Culture and religion influence what people believe to be edible and hence lower or increase demand for particular foods (Kendall & Pimentel, 2010). Nutzenadel & Trentmann (2008) argue that malnutrition and global food scarcity can be curtailed by discouraging prohibitive beliefs and promoting acceptance of a wide variety of food materialsà especially animal proteins that are not eaten by members of certain religious and cultural groups such as pork consumption among communities in the Middle East and beef consumption among the Hindu. Many insect species have been found to be important protein sources but people have not accepted them as food sources (Brouver & Staveren, 2006).à Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8049293794629806384.post-39970181088265809192019-11-15T09:07:00.001-08:002019-11-15T09:07:06.326-08:00Encoder Viterbi MatlabEncoder Viterbi Matlab Implementation of Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder Using Matlab and FPGA Abstract Channel coding is widely used in digital communication. By using channel encoding methods we can minimize signal noise and signal interference in our system. These techniques also utilize less bandwidth for error free transmission. In our project we have implemented convolutional encoder and viterbi decoder for channel coding. Convolutional encoding is vastly used for error correction in digital communication. We have implemented these techniques on matlab and performed a lot of simulation to check their performance. Chapter 1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Early communication was based on implicit assumption that messages signal is continuous varying time signal waveform. Such continuous time signals are referred as analog signals and there corresponding information sources are called analog sources. Analog signals are transmitted using carrier modulation over communication channel and accordingly demodulated at receiver. Such communication system is called analog communication systems. In digital transmission analog source output is converted to digital form. Message can be transmitted using digital modulation and at receiver demodulated as digital signal. The basic feature of digital communication system is that during finite interval of time it sends a waveform from possible number of waveforms. Important measure of system performance in digital communication systems is probability of error. 1.2 WHY DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Digital communication is preferred over analog communication because digital circuits have a less probability of distortion and interference than analog. Digital circuits are reliable than analog and have low cost. Digital hardware is more flexible to implement than analog. In digital signals time division multiplexing is simpler then FDM in analog signals. DIGITAL COMMUNICATION In digital communication system functional operations performed at both transmitter and receiver should be expanded to add messages signal bias at transmitter and message signal synthesis or interpolating at receiver. Additional functions include redundancy removal and channel encoding and decoding. 1.3.1 Source Nature Information is knowledge. Information can be of two types either analog or digital. We can collect information through listening or watching. Receiver newer know what it will receive in advance but only when some source generates an output towards it. The main responsibility on any communication channel is to send error less information towards receiver. 1.3.3 Source Encoder/Decoder What is source encoder? It is a technique which changes an analog signal into sequence of bits. This sequence of bits that is produced can also be used for the reconstruction of the signal. These bits contain information about the original signal. If we use this encoding technique it can also be helpful in appropriate bandwidth utilization. The sequence of bits is such that it can be used for data compression. 1.3.4 Quantization It is a process in which we sample the amplitude of a analog signal. Irreversible mechanism in which we erradicate redundant bits is called QUANTIZERS. The disadvantage of quantization is that it introduces noise in the sampled signal. Whereas while sampling distortion donot occur. But inspite of all that, quantizers and quantization is still widely used in determining the bit rate. And in any coding procedure of speech, amplitude quantization is the most important step. X8 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 Figure 1.2: 8-level quantization 1.3.5 Modulation and Demodulation What is modulation and demodulation? Modulation is a process in which a baseband signal is mixed with a carier and converted into bandpass signal. And demodulation is a process in which original signal is recovered from modulated signal. And modulator and demodulators perform the above information. The modulator changes the signal into the form representing the required information. And reverse operation is performed by demodulator. The purpose of these devices is to produce and convey messages with minimum bit error rate. NOISE IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Noise refers to something which is always present in the entire communication world. Noise is something that can be created or produced from variety of possessions. If noise is present in any system it makes the system ambiguous and less efficient. It also makes our receiver capability less efficient. And therefore also confines the transmission rate. Noise can be minimized by efficient designing technique which is not desired through different methods such as filtering. Noise which is caused by the thermal motion of electrons in all dissipative resistors is called thermal noise. These electrons are also responsible for thermal noise as a zero mean Gaussian random process. CHAPTER 2 CHANNEL CODING 2.1 INTRODUCTION Channel coding is used in communication system to improve the signal reliability in communication systems. By performing channel coding we can protect our signal from different types of noises and distortion. These methods of signal processing are tools for accomplishing desirable system tradeoffs. By using large scale integrated circuit and high speed digital processing methods it had made possible to provide as much as 10db performance improvement at much less cost. Shannon showed that by the addition of redundant bits to source information we introduce a method to minimize error in channel without disturbing information transmission rate provided that the information rate is less than channel capacity. Average number of information bits per unit time can be reduced by using function of the speech code. Minimum number of information bits should be transmitted. The input to encoder is the output of speech code. Radio link performance is improved by using Channel coding in mobile communication by the addition of redundant bits to source information. At the transmitter channel code maps the digital information which is produced by a data source into a form that can be decoded by the receiver with minimum errors. Channel coding mechanism insert noise to the codes in a controlled manner by adding extra bits so that the receiver can do detection and correction in a noisy channel. Channel codes which are produced are classified as block codes and convolution codes The hamming distance (minimum), dmin of a code is used as criteria for determining error correction ability. The minimum hamming distance is defined as smallest value of d. if minimum hamming distance is dmin ,(dmin -1)bit errors can be detected and we correct the integer [(dmin-1)/2] bit errors .raw data transmission rate can be reduced additional coded bits. Using Error-Correction Codes These codes are very useful to use.Without implementing these codes in our communication system our data delievered will be very noisy and corrupted.Below is the graph which showz comparison between uncoded and coded data error performance. Chapter 3 CONVLUTIONAL CODING INTRODUCTION TO CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING The idea is to make all code word symbols to be the weighted sum of the input message symbols. And that is similar to the convolution used in linear time invariant systems where the output of system is found, if you know about the input and impulse response. So in convolutional encoder we usually get the output of the system, by convolving the input bits. Basically, convolutional codes do not reduce much noise as compared to an equivalent block code. In most of the cases, they generally offer more simple implementation upon block code of same power. The encoder is a simple circuit which contains the memory states and feedback logic, normally supported by XOR gates. The decoder is usually implemented in software. The Viterbi algorithm is the most favourable algorithm which is used to decode convolutional codes. It is found that they generally give good results in environment of lower noise. OVERVIEW OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES Convolution codes represent one method within the general class of codes. Channel codes which are also called error-correction codes allow reliable communication of an information sequence over that channel which adds noise, bring in bit errors, or otherwise deform the transmitted signal. These codes have many applications which include deep-space communication and voice band modems. Convolutional codes are commonly prà ©cised by the following three parameters; (n, k, m). n = output bits k = input bits m= memory registers L=constraint length The quantity k/n which is called code rate is a measure of the capability of the codes. Usually range of n and k is from 1 to 8 and range of m is from 2 to 10 and the code rate from 1/8 to 7/8 except for deep space application where the code rates as low as 1/100 or even longer has been engaged. Often the manufactures of the Convolutional code chips specify the codes by the following parameters n, k, L. The quantity L is the constraint length of the code and is defined by Constraint length, L = k*(m-1). The constraint length L stand for the bits in the encoder memory that effects the production of n output bits. The constraint length L is also indicated by the letter K. 3.2.1 CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING ENCODER STRUCTURE Convolutional codes protect by adding unwanted bits as any binary code. A rate k/n Convolutional encoder develops the input series of k-bit information symbols through one or more binary shift registers. The convolutional encoder calculates every n-bits representation (n > k) of the output series from linear process on the present input symbol and the contents of the shift register(s). Therefore, a k-bit input symbol is processed by a rate k/n convolutional encoder and computes an n-bit out put symbol with every shift update. Figure shows a non recursive convolutional encoder having rate of 1/2. For the encoder above, shows state variations and resulting output code words. Sequence U for the message sequence m=1 1 0 1 1 Solution Table 3.1 Branch word at time ti u1 u2 State at Time ti+1 State at Time ti Register Contents Input Bit mi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 U = 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 POLYNOMIAL REPRESENTATION Sometimes, the encoder characters are characterized by initiator polynomial. Representation of an encoder can be done with a set of n initiator polynomial, one for each of the n modulo-2 adders. Each polynomial is of degree K-1 or less and tell about the connection of encoding shift register to that modulo-2 adder as the connection vector normally do. The coefficient of all the terms is either 1 or 0 of the degree polynomial depending upon whether connection exists or doesnt. For example in figure 4.1, we can write the generator polynomial g1(X) for the upper connections and g2(X) for the lower connections as follow. g1(X) = 1+X+X2 g2(X) = 1+ X2 The output sequence is found as follow U(X) = m(X) g1(X) interlaced with m(X) g2(X) Let the message vector m = 101 as a polynomial is represented as m(X) = 1+ X2 Then output polynomial U(X), of the figure 4.1 encoder can be calculated for the input message m is given as under. m(X) g1(X) = (1+ X2 )( 1+X+X2) = 1+X+X3+X4 m(X) g2(X) = (1+ X2 ) (1+ X2 ) = 1+ X4 m(X) g1(X) = 1+X+0X2+X3+X4 m(X) g2(X) = 1+0X+0X2+0X3+ X4 U(X) = (1, 1) + (1, 0) X + (0, 0) X2 + (1, 0) X3 + (1, 1) X4 U = 11 10 00 10 11 We demonstrated the encoder with polynomial initiators as also described for cyclic codes. Graphically there are three ways in which we can look at the encoder to gain better understanding of its operations. These are (a) State diagram (b) Tree diagram (c) Trellis diagram 3.2.2 STATE DIAGRAM Convolution encoders are finite-state technology. Hence state diagram offers significant insight into their performance. The states showed in the diagram symbolize the probable contents of right most K-1 stages of register, and paths represent the output symbols coming from such state changes. The states of registers are nominated as a=00, b=10, c=01 and d=11. There are only two conversions originating from every state, corresponding to two probable input bits. Output branch word is written next to every path state that is linked with the state transition. In below figure, we have used the complete line which denotes a path linked with input bit, 0 and a doted line is to a path with an input bit, 1. Observe that it is impossible in a single transition state to move forward from a given state to any random state. 3.2.3 THE TREE DIAGRAM One cannot easily use the state diagram for tracing back the encoder transitions as a function of time because it has only one disadvantage i.e. it cannot maintain the history record while the state diagram fully characterize encoder. State diagram is the advance form of tree diagram; it adds the dimensions of time than tree diagram. As the custom these trees also traverse from left to right at each bit inputs and each branch of the tree is describing the output branch. Following rule can be used to find the sequence of codeword; for an input bit of zero, its related branch word can be obtained by advancing to subsequent rightmost branch in the up direction. For an input bit of 1, its branch word can be obtained in the down direction. If we assume that the major contents of encoder are zeros, the diagram shows if initial input bit to the encoder is set to zero, the output will be 00 and if the initial input bit is a one, the output will be 11. Also if the initial bit input is one and next input is zero, the next output bit is one; the next output branch word is 01.By following these steps we observe that input bit stream 11011 traces bold line on the tree. This path matches to the output codeword sequence 1101010001. CHAPTER 4 VITERBI DECODER 4.1 VITERBI DECODING ALGORITHM This algorithm was revealed by Viterbi in 1967. The Viterbi algorithm performs maximum likelihood decoding. By taking benefit of the structure in the code trellis it also reduces the computational load. The benefit of Viterbi decoding is that its difficulty is not a function of the information of symbols in the code word sequence. The algorithm includes calculating a distance, or measure of resemblance b/w the received signal, and every the trellis paths entering each state at the same time. Those trellis paths that could not possibly by candidates for the maximum likelihood choice, viterbi algorithm removes them from consideration when two paths are entering the same state then the one having the best metric is selected and that path is called the surviving path. This choice of surviving path is carry out for every state. The complexity of the decoder is reduced by the remove paths with maximum unlikeliness. The decoder continues in this way to go forward into the trellis and making decision by eradicating the slightest likely paths. In fact in 1969, Omura also demonstrated that the Viterbi algorithm is maximum likelihood. The objective of selecting the optimum path can be articulated by selecting codeword which as minimum distance metric. 4.2 EXAMPLE OF VITERBI CONVOLUTIONAL DECODING Binary Symmetric Channel is assumed for simplicity thus hamming distance is a suitable measured distance .A similar trellis which we are using in encoder can also be used in decoder, as shown in figure 4.5. We set up at time t1 in 00 state referring to trellis diagram. Flushing in encoder is very important because it tells the decoder about the starting state because in this example there are only two likely transitions departing any state and not all the branches need to shown firstly. The full trellis structure starts after time t3. Central idea following the decoding procedure can be demonstrated by seeing the figure 4.1 encoder trellis in contrast with the figure 4.2 decoder trellis. It is suitable at each time interval, for the decoder to label every branch with hamming distance b/w the received input code symbols and the current transition word matching to the same transition at encoder end. The example in figure 4.2 shows the equivalent codeword sequence U, a message sequence m, and a noise distorted received sequence Z = 11 01 01 10 01 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. . Code symbols that will come from the encoder output which are results of state transitions are the encoder branch words As the code symbols are received they are accumulated by the decoder and are labeled on trellis branch. That is for each and every branch of the decoder trellis it will be marked with a matrix of likeliness i.e. Hamming distance. From the received sequence Z, we observe that code symbols received as the convolutional output at time t1 are 11, shown in figure 4.2. With the aim of labeling the decoder branches at time t1 with the least Hamming distance metric, we glance at the encoder state diagram figure encoder trellis. At this point we observe that a state 00-00 transition gives an output branch word of 00, but we are receiving 11. Consequently, on the decoder trellis we label 00ââ¬â00 transition with hamming distance of 0. Observing encoder trellis, a state 00ââ¬â10 transition yields an hamming distance of 1 with the output of 11. Hence, on the decoder trellis, we also label the state 00ââ¬â01 transition with a Hamming distance of 0. So, the metric entered on the decoder trellis branch tells compares the corrupted and correct distances received associated with the branch transmitted with the branch word. To all intents and purposes, these metrics describes a correlation. The decoding algorithm finds the minimum distance path in order to correctly decode the data. The foundation of Viterbi decoding is that between any two paths which are ending up to the same state, path with minimum hamming distance will always be selected and other one will be discarded. Its example can be seen in figure 4.3 below. 4.3 Decoder Implementation In the decoding context the transitions during any of the time interval can be combined into 2^v-1 disjoint cells, where each cell is dissipating four of the possible transitions, where v is called the encoder memory. 4.3.1 Add-Compare-Select Computation Starting with the K=3, 2ââ¬âcell example, figure 4.4 below shows the logic unit that corresponds to cell 1. The logic executes the special purpose calculation called add-compare-select (ACS). The state metric is calculated by adding the previous-time state metric of state a, to the branch metric and the previous-time state metric of state c, to the branch metric, this fallout in two possible path metrics as candidates for the new state metric. These two results are compared in the logic units of figure 4.4. The biggest likelihood (smallest distance) of the two path metrics is saved as the new state metric for the state a. Also shown in the figure 4.4 is the cell-1 add compare select logic that tells the new state metric and the new path history. This ACS process is also performed for the paths in other cells. The oldest bit on the path with the smallest state metric forms the decoder output. 4.3.2 Add-compare-select as seen Trellis Consider the same example for describing viterbi decoding. The codeword sequence was U = 1101010001, the message sequence was m = 11011 and received was Z = 1101011001. Figure 4.5 give a picture of a decoding trellis diagram. Most important point in the decoding through trellis tree is its hamming distance. This is the distance between received code symbols and their equivalent branch words. Trellis tells the value at every state x and for each time to time t1 to t6. We do ACS operation when we have two transitions ending up to the same state. And we get these types of situations after t4 transition and after that. For instance at time t4 the value for the state metric is obtained by incrementing sate t3. Similar operation is done for the state t2. The ACS process chose the minimum hamming distance path which also has maximum likelihood. The paths with minimum hamming distances are shown with bold lines and the paths with minimum likelihood are shown with faded lines. Trellis trees a re always observed from left to right. At any time when we want to check our decoder output we initiate with those states which has smallest paths. If we look at the figure below we can see that at time t6 path with minimum hamming distance has survived with distance =1. CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION METHODOLOGY 5.1 MATLAB SIMULATION 5.1.1 CONVOLUTONAL ENCODER VERTERBI DECODER We have implemented Convolutional encoder and viterbi decoder as source code. Matlab code also compares our viterbi decoder output with the built in decoder output by comparing bit error rates in our project. Making Matlab code and generating different code words for different symbols using convolutional codes and then decoding them with errors using viterbi decoder was the first step in our project. We have taken input from the user which will be coded by the convolutional encoder. Here we have generated random bits. Then the coded data will be decoded at the viterbi decoder. At the decoder side we have corrupted different bits by simply inverting them manually. Just to check what will be the bit error rate if different bits will be corrupted. Then we have compared our built in decoder function with our decoder code efficiency. In the receiver side we have used viterbi decoding algorithm to decode the transmitted signal. After these two steps (encoding and decoding) original data is obtained, which have errors if low SNR is used. 5.2 VHDL SIMULATION Our second step regarding to this project was to make synthesizable code of encoder and decoder in vhdl. For this we have used modelsim. Here we have implemented same logic as we used in matlab. 5.3 FPGA In the end we have burned our code in field programmable gate array. We made a synthesizable code in vhdl of our matlab logic and implemented on fpga. MATLAB RESULTS Here is the result of our matlab codes. If one bit is corrupted data_str = 111011010101000001111101101010101000101100111011010001000100011001111111110101100010101111100101010011101011101001000110 conv_code_str = 100110010001000010001000111100000011001010100100000100100010011000101100101000010111100110010001000010110011111100111011011101011111001010101010111001001000000111001110011000011010110111111000110010111101110100100001110100101111111100110101 msg_rec = 11101101010100000111110110 101010100010110011101 10100010 0010001 10 011 1111111010110001010111110 0101010 01110101110 1001000110 Message/ber retrieved with Verterbi_link_cont1 ber = 0 Message/ber retrieved with Vitdec ber =0 If two bits are corrupted data_str = 100010111000000011101000101100010010100110101101110110110010001100010010010011111001100001101000001001111000101011011101 conv_code_str = 100011001110011110011100011000001101111100101100100000010111010110111110010011110101010000010100000001000101011101111110101011010111010110111110100110111101110010011111001111000011001100101100011011101111000010011100100000100001001001100100 msg_rec = 10001011100000001110100010110001001010011010110 1110110110 0 10 001100010 010010011111001100001101000 001 0011110001 010110 11 1 0 1 Message/ber retrieved with Verterbi_link_cont1 ber = 0 Message/ber retrieved with Vitdec ber = 0.2667 if 3 bits are corrupted data_str = 101100011101110010110100100110010010001010111010011011111000000000110110000110101111100000100010100011001001111110001100 conv_code_str = 100110010111010011100100000111111110011011001011100101110101100000111110101101100010011000010010100011010001110100011100011110000000101011000101101110110101010110011010111001000000100101001110010101001101000001101111000100101001101101010111 msg_rec = 1110011111 01110 0 1 0 11010010011011 0 01010101011101 000 111 011 10 00100000110110100110111010100000100010 11011001110 0111110101100 Message/ber retrieved with Verterbi_link_cont1 ber = 0.1750 Message/ber retrieved with Vitdec ber = 0.2000 As the errors in bits increases bit error rate also increases. Appendix A Matlab Code %*********************************************************************************** %** CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING TRELLIS DIAGRAM IMPLEMENTATION %************************************************************************************ function [code]= Conv_Enc(message1) % K=3 Length of Shift Register % # of states = 2^(K-1) = 4 % State can be considered as first two or last two bits of the shift register % 1/n Convolutional Encoder, Rate = 1/2 % n= length of generated codeword for i=1:length(message1) message(i)= num2str(message1(i)); end state=00; next_state=00; code1=[]; message=[message 00]; message=[message]; for t=1:length(message) inp= message(t); state=next_state; if(state==00) if(inp==0) next_state=00; outp=00; else next_state=10; outp= 11; end elseif(state==10) if(inp==0) next_state=01; outp=10; else next_state=11; outp= 01; end elseif(state==01) if(inp==0) next_state=00; outp=11; else next_state=10; outp= 00; end elseif(state==11) if(inp==0) next_state=01; outp=01; else next_state=11; outp= 10; end end code1= [code1 outp]; end for i=1:length(code1) code(i)= str2num(code1(i)); end % code=code1; %*********************************************************************************** %***************** DECODER IMPLEMENTATION*********************** %************************************************************************************ function [messa Voulterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09115991688858291588noreply@blogger.com0